指导原则编号： 【H】G P H 3 - 1
化学药物杂质研究的技术指导原则
二○○五年三月
目 录
一、概述·····················································································································································1 二、杂质的分类····································································································································2 三、分析方法·········································································································································3 (一)分析方法的选择···························································································································3 1、有机杂质的分析方法············································································································3 2、无机杂质的分析方法············································································································3 (二)分析方法的验证···························································································································5 (三)有机杂质的定量方法················································································································6 四、杂质检测数据的积累··············································································································7 五、杂质限度的制订····························································································································9 (一)有机杂质的限度确定·············································································································10 1、创新药物······································································································································10 2、仿制已有国家标准的药品································································································12 3、其它新药·····································································································································12 (二)无机杂质的限度确定··············································································································12 六、临床研究申请与上市生产申请阶段的杂质研究·············································13 七、结语···················································································································································13 八、名词解释······························································································································14 九、附件·················································································································································14 附件1：原料药的杂质限度··········································································································14 附件2：制剂的杂质限度···············································································································14 附件3：决策树····································································································································15 十、参考文献········································································································································15 十一、著者·············································································································································16
化学药物杂质研究的技术指导原则
一、概述
任何影响药物纯度的物质统称为杂质。杂质的研究是药品研发的一项重要内容。它包括选择合适的分析方法，准确地分辨与测定杂质的含量并综合药学、毒理及临床研究的结果确定杂质的合理限度。这一研究贯穿于药品研发的整个过程。由于药品在临床使用中产生的不良反应除了与药品本身的药理活性有关外，有时与药品中存在的杂质也有很大关系。例如，青霉素等抗生素中的多聚物等高分子杂质是引起过敏的主要原因。所以规范地进行杂质的研究，并将其控制在一个安全、合理的限度范围之内，将直接关系到上市药品的质量及安全性。
本指导原则是在借鉴国外相关指导原则[1][2]的基础上，结合我国新药研发的实际情况制定的。目的是为我国的药品研发提供有益的指导，从而提高药品的质量，保证人民的用药安全。由于新药研究的探索性很强，每种药品的具体研究情况差异有可能很大，本指导原则不可能涵盖杂质研究的全部，仅提供了一个基本的研究思路和方法。特殊情况下，研究单位可在科学、合理的基础上，对杂质进行研究，只要能用科学的数据证明药品中存在的杂质可被控制在安全、合理的范围内，就达到了杂质研究的目的。本指导原则涵盖的范围包括新的及仿制已有国家标准的化学原料药及制剂。发酵工艺生产的抗生素类药物一般不包括在本原则的讨论范畴，但如有可能，也建议参考本原则的有关要求。由于我国对临床研究也实行行政审批的管理，所以，本指导原则不仅适用于上述药品的上市生产申请，也
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适用于临床研究的申请。
二、杂质的分类
药品中的杂质按其理化性质一般分为三类：有机杂质、无机杂质及残留溶剂。按照其来源，杂质可以分为工艺杂质（包括合成中未反应完全的反应物及试剂、中间体、副产物等）、降解产物、从反应物及试剂中混入的杂质等。按照其毒性分类，杂质又可分为毒性杂质和普通杂质等。杂质还可按其化学结构分类，如其它甾体、其它生物碱、几何异构体、光学异构体和聚合物等。
本指导原则主要按照杂质的理化性质分类。
有机杂质包括工艺中引入的杂质和降解产物等，可能是已知的或未知的、挥发性的或不挥发性的。由于这类杂质的化学结构一般与活性成分类似或具渊源关系，故通常又可称之为有关物质。
无机杂质是指在原料药及制剂生产或传递过程中产生的杂质，这些杂质通常是已知的，主要包括：反应试剂、配位体、催化剂、重金属、其它残留的金属、无机盐、助滤剂、活性炭等。
残留溶剂是指在原料药及制剂生产过程中使用的有机溶剂，其研究可参考有机溶剂残留量研究的技术指导原则。
对映异构体杂质属于杂质范畴，有关此类杂质的研究将在手性化合物研究指导原则中另行规定，本指导原则不作重复讨论。
生产过程中引入的外来污染物、原料药的不同晶型不属于本文讨论范畴。
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三、分析方法
分析方法的选择直接关系到杂质测定结果的专属性与准确性，因此，在进行杂质研究时首要问题是选择合适的杂质分析方法。
（一）分析方法的选择 1、有机杂质的分析方法
有机杂质的检测方法包括化学法、光谱法、色谱法等，因药物结构及降解产物的不同采用不同的检测方法。通过合适的分析技术将不同结构的杂质进行分离、检测，从而达到对杂质的有效控制。随着分离、检测技术的发展与更新，高效、快速的分离技术与灵敏、稳定、准确、适用的检测手段相结合，几乎所有的有机杂质均能在合适的条件下得到很好的分离与检测。在质量标准中，目前普遍采用的杂质检测方法主要为高效液相色谱法（High Performance Liquid Chromatography；HPLC）、薄层色谱法(Thin Layer Chromatography；TLC)、气相色谱法(Gas Chromatography；GC)和毛细管电泳法（Capillary Electrophoresis；CE）。应根据药物及杂质的理化性质、化学结构、杂质的控制要求等确定适宜的检测方法。由于各种分析方法均具有一定的局限性，因此在进行杂质分析时，应注意不同原理的分析方法间的相互补充与验证，如HPLC与TLC及HPLC与CE的互相补充，反相HPLC系统与正相HPLC系统的相互补充，HPLC不同检测器检测结果的相互补充等。
2、无机杂质的分析方法
无机杂质的产生主要与生产工艺过程有关。由于许多无机杂质直接影响药品的稳定性，并可反映生产工艺本身的情况，了解药品中无机杂质的
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化学药物杂质研究技术指导原则
