名词解释
1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.
2．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.
3．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.
4．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.
5．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.
6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.
7．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.
8．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.
9．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.
10．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 11．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. 一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)
1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)
2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）
例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章
1、romance 传奇文学
2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟 时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父
2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)
3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)
大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.
朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体
小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.
这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式 。代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教 代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔 四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期 （Greek and Roman） 戏剧 drama 诗章 canto
The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts andsciences.
文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama 文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。
1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement
2、代表人物： 1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦 2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一个散文家(essayist) 3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特 引入十四行诗的第一人 sonnet(十四行诗)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter 4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞 poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗) 5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。 6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚 戏剧 drama
四大悲剧：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)
五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟
prose 散文 1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals. 清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。 2、代表人物：
1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩 “metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物 sonnet 十四行诗 《Death be not proud》(笔记)
2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人 （ poem 诗歌 blank verse ） 《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护 《Paradise Lost》失乐园 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人 《Paradise Regained》复乐园 )、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)” Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程 prose 散文 六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动 prose 散文
1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.
强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.
启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。
The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.
启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。
Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.
无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。 2、18th century 文学的三个方面：
Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说) 3、代表人物： 1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说 Novel：《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记 《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德 《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯 2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction(现代小说之父) 《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯 受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发 3)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特 《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记 novel 反讽 作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him. 努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。 《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议 4)、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森 《Pamela》帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法 In the form of letters 书信体小说 5)、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹 《School for Scandal》造谣学校，喜剧 comedy 6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯 散文作家 essayist 《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师，小说 novel 《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedy 《The Deserted Village》荒村，诗歌 poems 4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰 The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. 感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。 代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌
七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义
散文 prose 1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克 诗人 poet Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 苏格兰诗人 poet Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution
2、教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱 3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》
4、lake poets(湖畔诗人)：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth 5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate (桂冠诗人)
英国文学史-名词解释
