语音得基本常识
1、 关于语音得几个概念 1?、 1) 字母:语言得书写形式.元音字母a, e, i(y), o,
u,
2) 音标:词得语音形式.?3) 音素:音得最小得单位。英语中有48音素。
4) 音节:由元音与辅音构成得发音单位。ap’ple, stu'dent, tea’cher, un'der'stand?5) 元音:发音响亮,就是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;就是构成音节得主要音。英语中有20元音.6?) 辅音:发音不响亮,就是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不就是构成音节得主要音。英语中有28辅音。?7) 开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi?8) 闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it9?) 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮得音节. ?2、 读音规则
1) 重读音节(见元音与辅音得例句)?2) 非重读音节 [ ] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday 3、 特殊读音
1)音得连读:前面得词以元辅音结尾,后面得单词以元音开头,这样结尾得辅音要与开头得元音连读。例如:not at all, half an hour, I love you and all、 after all
2)失去爆破:辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟得就是爆破音、破擦音与摩擦等,前面得辅音要失去爆破.例如:good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3)音得同化:两个特殊得音碰到一起,会发出变异成特殊得音。例如:Would you do it? I am glad to meet you、 Can’t you see it? last year, this year, 4)浊化音
以sp__, st___, sk___开头得单词清辅音/p/ /t/ /k/分别要发浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/.
4、 重音1?)单词重音?A)双音节词?a)一般在第一个音节重读.letter, sorry?b)有 a-, be—, de-, re-, res-, in—, im—, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con—, -, dis—, mis—, pre—, per-, pro-, trans— 等前缀得词,第二个音节就是重音.a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de’cide, re'port, con'demn, res’pect, ’pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per’mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans’late ?c)有 de-, in-, re-, con—, pre- 等前缀得重音与词义与词类有关, 一般名词得重音在第一个音节上,其它得词性在第二个音节上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; ’conduct, con'duct; ’present pre'sent; ’content, con'tent ?d)有些复合词与带有前缀 re-, ex-, un—, pre-, post-, 等得词,有两个重音。’out'side, ’re'tell, ’well-’known, ’un'real, 'fif’teen, 'Chi'nese, ’pre—’war, ’post—'war B)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节就是重音.'difficult, ’munist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor’tunity,de'mocracy、
b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀与后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根得重音读
音。’carefully, in’definite, ’fortable, con’ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, ’plicated,es'tablishment,
c)词尾有-eous, —grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, —ics, —ience, ient, —ify, -ion, -ious, —ity, ive 后缀得词,重音在这些后缀得前一个音节上.cour’teous, cal’ligraphy, edi’torial, his’torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf’ficient, i'dentify, trans’lation, re'ligious, curi’osity, pro'tective
?d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, —eer, —ese, -ette 后缀得词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo’yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette 2)句子重音
A) 英语得节奏:(轻)-轻-重-轻-(轻)或重—轻-(轻)(轻)重
B) 英语句子得长短:就是由句子中得重读词得数目决定得,而不就是象汉语那样由句子中得汉字数目决定得。
C) 实词重读(副词重读),虚词轻读(冠词,单音节介词,单音节连词,人称代词,反代词,物主代词,关系代词,相互代词,助动词,情态动词与系动词be D) 实词不重读得特殊情况
a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks、 ?b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station、 ?c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one、 ?d) 感叹词中得 what 与how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street、 ?f)this在这些短语中,this morning/afternoon/evening E)虚词重读得特殊情况?a) 情态动词,助动词与系动词be在句首,句尾与否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do、 Are you a doctor? Yes, I am、 Can you help me? Yes, I can、 I don't like you、 He isn't a worker、 ?b) 情态动词表示可能,惊奇与肯定时。They may e this evening、 Can it be five already? He must be in the room、 ?c) 介词在句首与句尾。In the box, he found a letter、 He is the person I talked with、 ?d) 引导复合句得连词在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you、 When he es, I’ll tell him、 ?e)反身代词表示强调。He couldn't e himself、 英语国际标准音标练习 单元音12个 元音 (20个) 双元音8个 前 元 音(4个) [i:] 后 元 音(5个) 合口双元音(5个) 集中双元音(3个) 中 元 音(3个) [?] [ei] [i?] [p] [b] [m] [i] [?:] [?u] [u?] [t] [d] [n] [e] [?] [?] [u:] [u] [ts] [dz] [h] [l] [ɑ:] [?:] [?] [ai] [au] [?i] [s] [z] [w] [θ] [e] [??] [k] [f] 清 辅 音(11辅音 (28个) 浊 辅 音(17个) 个) [?] [t?] [tr] [?] [d?] [dr] [g] [v] [?] [j] [r] /i:/ bee/bi:/ feet/fi:t/ keep/ki:p/ key/ki:/ team/ti:m/ meet/mi:t/ /i/ it /it/ big/big/ city/siti/ give/giv/ sick/sik/ /e/ get/get/ best/best/ text/tekst/ help/help/ /?/ fat/f?t/ have/h?v/ cat/k?t/ back/b?k/ hat/h?t/ /a:/ laugh/la:f/ glass/gla:s/ half/ha:f/ farm/fa:m/ park/pa:k/ / ?:/ horse/h?: s/ saw/s?:/ corn/k?:n/ course/k?:s/ salt/s?:t/
/ ? / dog/d?g/ pot/p?t/ cost/k?st/ what/w?t/ honest/′?nist/
/u:/ food/fu:d/ moon/mu:n/ rule/ru:l/ loose/lu:s/ noon/nu:n/
/u/ book/buk/ put/put/ good/gud/ would/wud/ could/kud/ / ? / must/m?st/ does/d?z/ money/′m?ni/ ugly/′?gli/ e/k?m/ /?:/ nurse/n?:s/ bird/b?:d/ burn/b?:n/ turn/t?:n/ girl/g?:l/ /? / better/bet?/ never/nev?/ worker/w?:k?/ wele/welk?m/ /ei/ may/mei/ name/neim/ game/geim/ eight/eit/ age/eid?/ /?u/ no/n?u/ home/h?um/ hope/h?up/ wrote/r?ut/ note/n?ut/ pose/p?uz/
/ai/ eye/ai/ time/taim/ buy/bai/ right/rait/ bike/baik/ kite/kait/
/au/ now/nau/ out/aut/ how/hau/ about/ ?′baut/ south/sauθ/ house/haus/
/?i/ boy/b?i/ toy/t?i/ noise/n?iz/ voice/v?is/ point/p?int/ coin/k?in/
boil spoil
/i?/ ear/i?/ near/ni?/ idea/ai′di?/ hear/hi?/ mere/mi?/ spear/spi?/
/ε?/ air/ε?/ tear/tε?/ care/kε?/ dare/dε?/ fair/fε?/ there/eε?/
/u?/ tour/tu?/ poor/pu?/ sure/?u?/ moor/mu?/(停泊) your/ju?/
/p/ pea/pi:/ pie/pai/ top/t?p/ cap/k?p/ people/pi:pl/ pride/praid/
/b/ bee/bi:/ by/bai/ buy/bai/ black/bl?k/ bear/bε?/ /t/ let/let/ sat/s?t/ feet/fi:t/ team/ti:m/ tide/taid/
/d/ led/led/ sad/s?d/ feed/fi:d/ do/du:/ dear/di?/
/k/ lack/l?k/ take/teik/ clock/kl?k/ class/kla:s/ weekend/′wi:kend/
/g/ big/big/ lag/l?g/ glass/gla:s/ gum/g?m/ good/gud/ guest/gest/
/f/ face/feis/ fast/fa:st/ leaf/li:f/ surf/s?:f/ favorite/′feiv?rit/
/v/ very/′veri/ five/faiv/ fever/′fi:v?/ serve/s?:v/ never/′nev?/
/θ/ bath/ba:θ/(v洗澡) thick/θik/ mouth/mauθ/ brea
th/breθ/(n呼吸)
thought/θ?:t/ author/′?θ?/ truth/tru:θ/
/e/ the/ e?/ they/eei/ that/e?t/ mother/′m?e?/ thus/ e?s/ then/een/
/s/ face/feis/ mouse/maus/ cakes/keiks/ caps/k?ps/ likes/laiks/ stops/st?ps/
/z/ close/kl?uz/ keys/ki:z/ boys/b?iz/ pens/penz/ halves/ha:vz/
/t?/ catch/k?t?/ cheep/t?i:p/ rich/rit?/ watch/wt?/ child/t?aild/ question/kwest??n/ teach/ti:t?/ challenge/t?lind?/ /d?/ orange/′?rid?/ large/la:d?/ juice/d?u:s/ job/d??b/
/tr/ tree/tri:/ try/trai/ true/tru:/ trouble/traubl/ track/tr?k/
/dr/ dry/drai/ dream/dri:m/ dress/dres/ drink/dri?k/ hundred/′h?ndrid/
/?/ she/?i:/ sharp/?a:p/ fish/fi?/ shock/??k/ shoe/?u:/ /?/ pleasure/′ple??/ measure/′me??/ television/′telivi??n/
/ts/ let′s/lets/ sports/sp?:ts/ puts/puts/ writes/raits/ seats/si:ts/
/dz/ hands/h?ndz/ birds/b?:dz/ friends/freindz/ beds/bedz/ stands/st?ndz/
/h/ he/ hi:/ hard/ha:d/ him/him/ heard/h?:d/ half/ha:f/ /l/ like/laik/ late/leit/ learn/l?:n/ lead/li:d/ light/lait/ /m/ my/mai/ more/m?:/ seem/si:m/ meat/mi:t/ mind/maind/ men/men/
/n/ nice/nais/ wind/waind/ mind/maind/ rain/rein/ fine/fain/ /?/ sing/si?/ wing/wi?/ ring/ri?/ long/l??/ beautiful/bju:t?fl/
/j/ you/ju:/ few/fju:/ yard/ja:d/ music/′mju:zik/ student/′stju:dnt/ excuse/ik′skju:z/
/w/ work/w?:k/ way/wei/ well/wel/ what/w?t/ twelve/twelv/ twin/twin/
/r/ red/red/ road/r?ud/ write/rait/ wrong/r??/ problem/′pr?bl?m/
音标综合练习
1、/i:/ /i/ /e/ /?/
/bit/ /wi:k/ /di:l/ /ri?l/ /kid/ /dig/ /kwik/ /tip/ /zip/ /rid/ /wil/ /fil/ bit week deal real kid dig quick tip zip rid will fill
/pet/ /p?k/ /g?p/ /k?g/ /n?g/ /r?m/ /b?tl/ /sed/ /′h?pi/ /ten/ /red/
pet pack gap cap nag ram battle said happy ten red /′setl/ /tr??/ /di′pend/ settle trash depend
2、/a:/ / ?:/ / ? / /u:/ /u/
/a:sk/ /ma:sk/ /pa:st/ /fra:ns/ /?d/ /l?:n/ /n?:t/ /p?:z/ /f?ks/ /s?k/
ask mask past France odd lawn naught pause fox sock
/fa:/ /la:d? / /ma:k/ /l?:d/ /t?:/ /st?:m/ /p?t/ /kr?p/ /θ?t/ /pr?mis/