8.314?298.153?0.5555?1.015?0.2222???0.7620??ln4????2?96500?1?
γ± = 0.5099
7.15 甲烷燃烧过程可设计成燃料电池,当电解质微酸性溶液时,电极反应和电池反应分别为:
阳极:CH4(g)+ 2H2O(l)= CO2(g)+ 8H+ + 8e- 阴极:2 O2(g)+ 8H+ + 8e- = 2H2O(l)
电池反应: CH4(g)+ 2 O2(g)= CO2(g)+ 2H2O(l) 已知,25℃时有关物质的标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数
物质
CH4(g)
-50.72
3?fGm为:
H2O(l) -237.129
CO2(g) -394.359
?fGm/kJ?mol?1计算25℃时该电池的标准电动势。
解:
?rGm???B?fGm?B?B
??fGm?CO2,g?+2?fGm?H2O,l?-?fGm?CH4,g?-2?fGm?O2,g?=-394.359+2??-237.129?-?-50.72?=-817.897kJ?mol?1因为:
?rGm??zEF
?rGm817.897?103E=-==1.0595VzF8?96500
7.16写出下列各电池的电池反应。应用表7.7.1的数据计算25 ℃时各电池的电动势、各电池反应的摩尔Gibbs函数变及标准平衡常数,并指明的电池反应能否自发进行。
(1)Pt|H2(100kPa)|HCl(a=0.8)|Cl2(100kPa)| Pt (2)Zn| Zn Cl2(a=0.6)|AgCl(s)|Ag
(3)Cd| Cd 2+(a=0.01)‖Cl-(a=0.5)| Cl2(100kPa)| Pt 解:(1)电池反应: H2(g)+ Cl2(g)= 2HCl
RT8.314?298.15lna2?HCl??1.3579?ln0.82?1.3636VzF2?96500
-1?rGm??zEF=-2?1.3636?96500=-263.17kJ?mol E?E??rGm=-RTlnK??zEF
lnKzEF2??1.3579?0??96500???105.726RT8.314?298.15
K= 8.24×1045
?rGm??zEF?0,故件下反自行。
(2)电池反应: Zn(s)+ 2AgCl(s)= ZnCl2 + 2Ag(s)
E?E?RT8.314?298.15lna?ZnCl2???0.22216+0.7620??ln0.6?0.9907VzF2?96500?rGm??zEF=-2?0.9907?96500=-191.20kJ?mol-1
?rGm=-RTlnK??zEF
lnK0.22213??-0.7620???96500zEF2???????76.626RT8.314?298.15
K= 1.898×1033
?rGm?0,故件下反自行。
(3)电池反应: Cd(s)+ Cl2(g)= Cd 2+ + 2Cl-
E?E?RTlna?Cd2??a2?Cl-?zF8.314?298.152??1.3579+0.4032??ln0.01??0.5??1.8381V2?96500?rGm??zEF=-2?1.8381?96500=-354.75kJ?mol-1
?rGm=-RTlnK??zEF
lnK1.3579??-0.4032???96500zEF2???????137.119RT8.314?298.15
K= 3.55×1059
?rGm?0,故件下反自行。
7.19 25℃时,实验测定电池Pb| PbSO4(s)| H2SO4(0.01 mol·kg-1)| H2(g,p)| Pt的电动势为0.1705V。已知25℃时,
?fGm(H2SO4,aq)=
?fGmSO2-4(
,aq)= -744.53kJ·mol-1,
?fGm(PbSO4,s)= -813.0kJ·mol-1。
(1)写出上述电池的电极反应和电池反应; (2)求25℃时的E(
SO2-4| PbSO4|Pb);
(3)计算0.01 mol·kg-1 H2SO4溶液的a±和γ±。
解:(1)上述电池的电极反应和电池反应如下 正极:2H+ + 2e- = H2(g,p) 负极:Pb(s)+
SO2-4 - 2e- = PbSO4(s)
电池反应:H2SO4(0.01 mol·kg-1)+ Pb(s) = PbSO4(s)+ H2(g,p) (2)
?rGm???B?fGm?B?B
??fGm?PbSO4,s?+2?fGm?H2,g?-?fGm?H2SO4,aq?-?fGm?Pb,s?=-813.0+0-?-744.53?-0 =-68.47kJ?mol因为:
?1
?rGm??zEF=?zE(H? H2Pt)-E(SO2-4 PbSO4Pb)F2-4??
E(SO?rGm-68.47?103 PbSO4Pb)===-0.3548VzF2?96500
(3)
p?H2?/p?p?H2?/p?RT?RT?????E?E?ln=E?ln3zFa?H2SO4?zFa??H2SO4?
0.1705??0-?-0.3548???8.314?298.15?100/100?ln32?96500a??H2SO4?
a??H2SO4?=8.369?10-3b??H2SO4?=?bH??bSO2_4?2?1/3??0.022?0.01?1/3?1.5874?10?2mol?kg-1
?b?a??H2SO4???????,?b?b1-3即??=a??H2SO4?=?8.3694?10=0.527?2b?1.5874?10
7.23 在电池Pt│H2(g,100kPa)│HI溶液(a=1)│I2(s)│Pt中,进行如下电池反应:
(1)H2 (g,100kPa)+ I2 (s)2HI(a=1)
11 (2)2H2(g,p) + 2I2(s)应用表7.7.1的数据计算两个电池反应的E、
HI(aq,a=1)
?rGm和K。
2HI(a=1)时,电
解:(1)电池反应为H2 (g,100kPa)+ I2 (s)池反应处于标准态,即有:
E = E{I-(a=1)│I2│Pt}- E{H+(a=1)│H2(g,100kPa)│Pt} = E{I-溶液(a=1)│I2(s)│Pt} = 0.5353V
?rGm?1???zEF=?2?0.5353?96500??103.31kJ?mol?1K
?1??exp(??rGm103310??18)?exp???1.26?10RT?8.314?298.15?
(2)电动势值不变,因为电动势是电池的性质,与电池反应的写法无关, E= 0.5353V Gibbs 自由能的变化值降低一半,因为反应进度都是1 mol ,但发生反应的物质的量少了一半,即
?rGm(2)?1?rGm(1)??51.66 kJ?mol?12
1212根据平衡常数与Gibbs 自由能变化值的关系,
K(2)??K(1)???1.26?10??1.12?109????
7.24 将下列反应设计成原电池,并应用表7.7.的数据计算25时电池反应的K。
(1)2Ag + + H2 (g)= 2 Ag + 2H+ (2)Cd + Cu2+ = Cd2+ + Cu (3)Sn2+ + Pb2+ = Sn4+ + Pb (4)2Cu+ = Cu2+ + Cu
解:(1)Pt│H2(g,100kPa)│H+(a=1)‖Ag +(a=1)│Ag E(1) = E(右)- E(左)= 0.7994V
18?rGm和
?rGm?1???zE?1?F=?2?0.7994?96500??154.28kJ?mol?1
??rGm?1?RT?2?0.7994?96500?27)?exp???1.07?10?8.314?298.15?
K
?1??exp((2)Cd│Cd2+(a=1)│Cu2+(a=1)│Cu
同理可求:E(2) = E(右)- E(左)=0.3417-(-0.4032)=0.7449V
?rGm?2???zE?2?F=?2?0.7449?96500??143.76kJ?mol?1
??rGm?2?RT?2?0.7449?96500?25)?exp???1.54?10?8.314?298.15?
K
?2??exp((3)Pt│Sn2+(a=1),Sn4+(a=1)│Pb2+(a=1)│Pb
同理可求:E(3) = E(右)- E(左)= -0.1264 – 0.151 = -0.2774V
?rGm?3???zE?3?F=?2??-0.2771??96500?53.54kJ?mol?1?2??-0.2774??96500?-10)?exp???4.17?10?8.314?298.15?
K?3??exp(??rGm?3?RT(4)Pt│Cu+ (a=1),Cu 2+(a=1)│Cu +(a=1)│Cu 同理可求:E(4) = E(右)- E(左)= 0.521 – 0.153 = 0.368V
?rGm?4???zE?4?F=?2?0.368?96500?-35.51kJ?mol?1RT?2?0.368?96500?6)?exp???1.67?10?8.314?298.15?
K?4??exp(??rGm?4?17.25 将反应Ag(s) + 2Cl2 (g)= AgCl(s)设计成原电池,已知在25℃时,?fHm(AgCl,s)=-127.07kJ?mol?1,
?fGm(AgCl,s)=-109.79kJ?mol?1,标准电极电
势E(Ag +│Ag)= 0.7994V,E(Cl-│Cl2(g)│Pt)=1.3579V。
(1)写出电极反应和电池图示;
(2)求25℃时电池可逆放电2F电荷量时的热Qr; (3)求25℃时AgCl的活度积。 解:(1)电极反应和电池图示如下: 阳极:Ag(s)+ Cl- - e- = AgCl(s)
1阴极:2Cl2 (g)+ e- = Cl-
电池图示:Ag|AgCl(s)|Cl- {a(Cl-)}|Cl2(g,p)|Pt
(2) ?rGm???B?fGm?B?B1??fGm?AgCl,s?-?fGm?CI2,g?-?fGm?Ag,s?2=-109.79kJ?mol?1同理
同理可求:
?rHm=?fHm(AgCl,s)=-127.07kJ?mol?1
?rGm??rHm-T?rSm