八、同位语
当一个概念词在前,后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时,而且两者的语法功能相同,后者就是前者的同位语。
Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player. 我们的英语老师——布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。
Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends. 足球----他唯一的爱好,让他结交了许多朋友。 Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。 That’s her habit, reading in bed.
躺在床上看书是她的习惯。
Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea. 你建议趁热打铁,这个建议很好。
He gave orders that the work should be started immediately. 他发出指示要立即开始工作。
You still haven’t answered my question why you didn’t come to school yesterday. 你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。 同位语从句常跟在某些名词后,对其作进一步的解释。这些名词包括:fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question.这类从句常常有that引导,有时也可以用what, why, whether, when 等引导。 (九)插入语
插入语是说话者对所表达的意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度,其位置灵活常常用逗号或者破折号分开,并且在语法上不影响其他成份。 1. 插入语常以副词(副词短语)、形容词(形容词短语)、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式出现。
( 1 )常见的副词及短语: indeed, surely, however, obviously, frankly, naturally, luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。 (九) ■There be 句型 拓展:
There be +句词词组”中,there为虚词,be后面的名词词组为句子的真正主语。该句式在使用时须注意如下几点:
★There be句式表示“有”时,它表示一种存在关系,通常带有一个地点状语,意为“什么地方(时候)有……”。句式中的主语只能为表泛指的名词词组,此外,其主语还可以带前置或后置定语。例如:
1. There is a blackboard in the classroom. 2. There are five minutes to go.
3. There are two old women waiting for you at the gate.
★在正式文体中,该句式中be动词的单复数形式取决于以下两种情况:
(1)该句式中只有一个主语,主语为单数时,be动词用单数;主语若为复数,be动词也用复数。
(2)该句式中有几个并列主语,则按就近原则处理,即与靠近be动词的第一个主语保持一致。例如:
1. There is room for improvement.
2. There are three apples on the table.
3. There were only two pens, a dictionary and a textbook on the desk.
★“There be +主语+不定式”中,不定式可以有主动和被动两种形式,不过在口语中主动形式更为常见。例如:
1. There is a letter to type today. 2. There is no time to lose.
3. There are many things to be done now. ★There be句式中,be动词有各种变化形式。
(1)be动词有时态变化,可以为一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来时等。例如:
1. There are a lot of people in the meeting-room. 2. There was little left.
3. There have been many such traffic accidents in the past few years.
4. When he got there, he found there had been no one waiting for him in the room. 5. Without air, there would be no living things. 6. There is going to be a storm tomorrow morning. (2)There be句式中,be之前可以有情态动词。例如: 1. There may be some people who don’t like the film. 2. There used to be a temple in the village. 句子种类
一) 按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1) 陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。 Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。 The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。 I haven’t got a camera. 我没有相机.
They have never met before. 他们以前从没见过面. 疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种: a.一般疑问句(General Questions): Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗?
b.特殊疑问句(W Questions; H Questions) Where do you live? 你住那儿?
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事 c.选择疑问句(Alternative Questions): Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡?
d.反意疑问句(Tag-Questions): He knows her, doesn’t he? 他不认识她,对不对? = Does he know her?
yes, he does.
No , he doesn’t.
3) 祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令,例如: Sit down, please.请坐。 Don't be nervous! 别紧张!
4) 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,例如: What good news it is! 多好的消息啊! How good the news is!
What beautiful flowers they are! 多美丽的花啊! How beautiful the flowers are!
How lovely the child is! 多可爱的小孩啊! What a lovely child he is! what a cute child he is
二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:
1) 简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句,例如: She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。
We all study hard. 我们都努力学习.
I love sports very much.
我非常喜欢运动.
Mum made a beautiful skirt for me. 妈妈为我做了一条漂亮的裙子.
We elected him our class president. 我们选了他做班长.
There are more than 3000 students in our school. 我们学校的学生超过3000名. 2) 并列句(Compound Sentences):由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句.
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。
Let’s hurry, or we will be late. 咱们赶紧点,要不就迟到啦.
He studied hard( ,) and he passed the exam. 他努力学习并通过了考试.
He felt no fear, for he was very brave. 他很勇敢,毫不畏惧.
He was sick, so they were quiet. 他病了,所以他们很安静.
3) 复合句(Complex Sentences):包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导,例如:
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。 Do you know the man who is in the car? 你认识坐在汽车里的人吗? What he said is not true. 他说的不是实话.
I know it’s difficult to master a foreign language. 我知道学好一门外语不容易.
The question is whether he will join us next time. 问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干.
The idea that Iraq could be taken within a week or two was an underestimation. 伊拉克可以在一两周内就可以拿下的这一想法是估计不足的想法.
To get into university (= If you want to get into university) you have to pass a number of exams.
进入大学,你必须通过一系列的考试. 元音和辅音的定义:
发音时声带振 动,呼出的气流通过口腔时不受阻碍,这样形成的语音称为元音。 不论声带振动与否,发音时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定的阻碍,这样形成的语音称为辅音。
发音时声带不振动的辅音称为清辅音。 发音声带振动的辅音称为浊辅音。
巧记48个国际音标
单元音共十二,四二六前中后 双元音也好背,合口集中八个
辅音共计二十八八对一清又七浊, 四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音, 有声无气浊辅音,发音特点应掌握
1. 音标必须写在括号里,常用的音标括号有斜头和平头两种,其上端不顶第一线,大致与大写字母相齐,下端在第三格的中
2. 音标没有书写体,也没有大小写,因此书写时必须和印刷体一 样,直上直下,没有斜度,其书写规格如下所列。
3. 下面几个音标是最容易写错的,一定要注意:[ai]和[au]不要写成[Ai]和[Au],[A:]不要写成[a:]。在打字的时候,不要用a来代替A,把[A:]打成[a:],也不要用g来代替G,把[GE:l]打成[gE:l]。 4. 音标没有书写体,也没有大小写,因此书写时必须和印刷体一样,直上直下,没有斜度,其书写规格如下页所列 元音音标学习
元音概述:元音是有噪音的语音。形成元音时,声带振动,气流经由咽腔和口腔逸出时,不受到任何阻碍,没有可以听得到的摩擦声。英语里共有20个元音(单元音12个,双元音8个)。
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元音之间的差异,是由发音时各发音器官所采取的不同位置形成的。所谓“不同位置”,
指的是舌头的高低与前后,牙床的开合程度,以及唇形的大小和圆扁。但其中决定的因素是舌头的位置:舌头是在口腔的前部、中部或者后部,决定所发的音是前元音、中元音还是后元音;舌身隆起的高度以及舌的哪一部分隆起最高,决定发出的元音是开口元音、半开元音、合口元音、还是半合元音。牙床开合的程度是由舌位的高低所决定的,而双唇的圆扁和大小对形成不同的元音也有相当的影响。因此,描述一个元音的发音部位,主要是描述它的舌位和唇形。 Lesson 1
元音[i:] [i] [?:] [?] 学习
[i:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合e ea ee e: me be she he we evening
ee:sweet bee sweep sheep see sleep three green ea:meat leaf sea pea teach eat clean
根据发音规则,圈出下列单词中元音字母组合发音相同的两个词。 rain bean cat feet teacher d
star tree jeep sea fish the
[i] 发这个音的字母和字母组合i e y ey ay
??????????
i: pig fish in fifteen six ship thin e: begin behind jacket basketball y: happy heavy busy lorry carry sunny
lovely study thirsty twenty thirty windy rainy ey: monkey money
ay:Sunday Saturday Friday 根据发音规则,圈出每组中元音字母发音不相同的单词。 sit kick lip gift jam ship
picture big sister lick pig jelly
[?:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合er ir ur ear or er: her serve term
ir:bird girl skirt first dirty skirt shirt ur:nurse Thursday turtle purple curtain ear:early learn or: word work world
根据发音规则,圈出每组中元音字母组合发音相同的单词。 beer thirsty wheat 2. bank king her nurse bird rabbit knee run shirt term
[?] 发这个音的字母和字母组合ure er ar or a e