difficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \specialise in uplifting blend with the article\on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \Who is handsome.\ople only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \s\heir respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extent because of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \ople and country.\Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \bout others\heng Banqiao's also wrote a \a Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \has so feelings, alone we is to\rving \poses of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, realdo love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\he sublimation of the soul. As Township and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 绘画艺术
绘画艺术——是造型艺术中最主要的艺术形式，是一门运用线条、色彩、形体等艺术语言，
通过构图、造型和设色等艺术手段在平面里塑造出静态的视觉形象的艺术。 世界绘画的两大体系：以中国画为代表的东方绘画和以油画为代表的西方绘画。 中国画简称国画，在世界美术领域中自成体系，独具特色，是东方绘画体系的主流。 中国画的特点：
1、工具材料2、构图方法3、诗书画印4、美学思想。
1、 中国画在绘画工具和材料上，往往采用中国特制的毛笔、墨、或颜料、在宣纸或绢帛上作画，中国画
也被称为“水墨画”
2、 中国画在构图方法上不受焦点透视的束缚，多采用散点透视法，使视野宽广辽阔，构图灵活自由，画中的物象可以随意列置，冲破了时间也空间的局限。（分层、分段、全景）
3、 在中国画中绘画与诗文、书法、篆刻有机地结合在一起，相互补充，交相辉映，形成了中国独特的内
容美和形式美。
4、中国画的特点来源于中华民族悠久的传统文化和丰富的美学思想。
西方绘画的主要画中是油画，是用油质颜料在布、木板、或厚纸板上画成，色彩丰富鲜艳，能够充分表现物体的质感，使描绘对象显得生动逼真。西方绘画的审美趣味，在于真和美，西方绘画追求对象的真实和环境的真实。
中国绘画与西方绘画的区别5点：
中国绘画尚意，西方绘画尚形；
中国绘画重表现，重情感，西方绘画重再现，重理性； 中国绘画以线造型，西方绘画通过光和色来表现物象；
中国绘画不受空间和时间的局限，西方绘画严格遵守时间和空间的界限； 中国绘画注重表现与写意；西方绘画注重再现与写实。
雕刻艺术
雕塑艺术——是用雕、刻、塑等艺术手段在立体的三维空间中塑造具有实体形象的静态视
觉艺术品。（刻镂塑凿琢铸）
从体裁来区分：纪念性雕塑、城市园林雕塑、宗教雕塑、陵墓雕塑、陈列性雕塑 从表现手法和形式上:圆雕、浮雕、透雕。 雕塑作品的艺术特点：
1、在造型艺术中，雕塑与绘画、摄影、书法最大的区别，就在于雕塑是在三度空间里用物质材料创造出实体形象。
2、欣赏雕塑作品不仅需要依靠视觉感官去感受，而且还可以用触觉去感知，使观赏者唤起更多的艺术想象，产生独特的审美效果。
3、由于雕塑作品的立体性，观赏者可以从四面八方的不同角度去欣赏，乃至结合周围的环境来欣赏、使雕塑作品更富有生动、逼真的艺术魅力。
我国古代雕塑史的三个重要时期：
1、 秦汉时期，我国古代雕塑艺术达到高峰时代，陵墓雕塑盛况空前，如秦始皇陵兵马俑，西汉霍去病幕
石刻等。
2、 魏晋南北朝和唐宋时期，宗教雕塑发展迅速，如佛教四大石窟，云冈石窟、龙门石窟、敦煌石窟、麦
积山石窟。四川的大足石窟
3、 元明清时期，大规模的石窟艺术走向衰落，小型玩赏性雕塑日趋繁荣，各种案头陈列雕塑，工艺装饰
雕刻和民间雕刻工艺蓬勃发展，如广东石湾的陶塑、无锡、天津的泥塑、潮州木雕等。
conferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \n different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\nt to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses most hope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\on, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, ong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes of
11
difficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \specialise in uplifting blend with the article\on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \Who is handsome.\ople only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \s\heir respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extent because of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \ople and country.\Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \bout others\heng Banqiao's also wrote a \a Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \has so feelings, alone we is to\rving \poses of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, realdo love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \nsist your dream, without serenity not go far.\he sublimation of the soul. As Township and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in
西方雕塑史的四个辉煌高峰期：
1、 古希腊罗马时期雕塑艺术已达到相当高的水平。如米隆：《掷铁饼者》，《断臂维纳斯》又称《洛斯米的
阿芙罗狄特》，《特拉维的阿芙罗狄特》等（高贵的典雅、静穆的伟大）。记忆常识：萨莫德拉克的胜利女神、断臂维纳斯、蒙娜丽莎并称为法国卢浮宫的镇宫之宝。
2、 欧洲文艺复兴时期，如意大利文艺复兴三杰的米开朗琪罗，代表作《大卫》、《哀悼基督》、《摩西》等 3、 19世纪时期的法国雕塑，如浪漫主义雕塑法国吕德的巨型浮雕《马赛曲》，现实主义雕塑法国罗丹的
《巴尔扎克像》，《地狱门》等。
4、 20世纪以来，西方雕塑艺术向多元化发展，多种流派并存，处于不断发展演变中，代表人物如:马约尔
的《地中海》。
摄影艺术
摄影艺术——是摄影师运用照相机作为基本工具，根据创作构思，将人物或景物拍摄下来，
再进过暗房处理，塑造出可视的艺术形象，用来反映社会生活与自然现象，并表达作者思想情感的一种艺术形式。 摄影艺术的特征：
1、摄影艺术独特的审美特征主要体现在纪实性与艺术性的统一上。摄影艺术具有纪实性，表现在它运用技术手段逼真的把被拍摄的对象真是的再现出来，艺术性在纪实的基础上，运用独特的摄影语言，组织摄影艺术特有的艺术形象。
2、摄影艺术不能表现客观生活中不存在的事物，不能表现过去和未来的事物。
摄影艺术的流派——绘画主义摄影，起源于英国；纪实主义摄影；印象主义摄影;超现实主义摄影；抽象主义摄影；前卫派摄影
书法艺术
书法艺术——是中华民族特有的一种艺术形式，主要通过汉字的用笔用墨、点画结构、行
次章法等造型美，来表现人的气质、品格和情操，从而达到美学的境界。
形式上，是一门刻意追求线条美的艺术；内容上，是一门体现民族灵魂的艺术。
中国书法建立在中国文字（汉字）的基础上，是中华民族审美经验的集中表现，在中国艺术史上占有独特地位，被称为东方艺术的核心。
中华民族的书法艺术，从远古的殷商时代出现，经历了秦汉的辉煌，魏晋的风韵，隋唐的鼎盛，宋元的尚意，明清的延续，到现在的普及和世界范围内的流传，源远流长，历史悠久，影响深远。
书法艺术的基本技法和表现形式，主要用笔、用墨、结构、章法、韵律、风格等几个方面。
书法具有自己的特殊的艺术形式和艺术规律，但它与文学、绘画、音乐、舞蹈等有密切联系。
创作或欣赏书法作品，不仅能给人带来愉悦和满足，而且常常使人们潜移默化地受到熏陶，使审美情趣得到陶冶与提高。
第二节 造型艺术的审美特征
造型性与直观性
1、造型艺术最基本的特征是造型性。是指艺术家运用一定的物质材料，塑造出欣赏着可以通过感官直接感受到的艺术形象。造型艺术的这一特点，使它只能用间接的方式去表现没有外部形体的客观物事。 2、直观性，既视觉性也是造型艺术的基本特征之一，使造型艺术与文学、音乐等其他艺术门类分开。造型艺术的直观性，需要欣赏着亲眼目睹，才能从直觉的视觉形象获得隽永的审美感受。
conferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \onals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \hought to overshadow, thinkingwithout learning is perilous.\ant to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses most hope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\people know that copyingother people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, ong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \specialise in uplifting blend with the article\on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \Who is handsome.\ople only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \s\heir respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extent because of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \ople and country.\Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \bout others\heng Banqiao's also wrote a \a Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \has so feelings, alone we is to\rving \poses of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, realdo love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\he sublimation of the soul. As Township and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 瞬间性与永固性
1、 造型艺术的瞬间性是指，艺术家要抓住客观事物发展变化的某一瞬间的形象，将它用物质材料和艺术
语言固定下来。造型艺术应当选取事物运动或变化过程中，具有典型意义的瞬间形象，最大限度的用暗示性手法，调动欣赏着的想象力。
2、 造型艺术的永固性指的是，造型艺术的形象一旦被固定下来，就可以供人们多次欣赏，甚至可以千百
年的流传下去。造型艺术的永固性使，中外艺术史上许多优秀作品得以保存下来，成为人类灿烂文化宝库中的重要财富。
再现性与表现性
1、 造型艺术是一种再现性空间艺术，再现性是造型艺术最重要的审美特征之一。造型艺术的再现性可以
逼真的再现现实生活中的人物、事物、或景物。
2、 造型艺术需要通过表现性，表达艺术家的思想情感和审美追求。 造型艺术表现性的体现：
① 要表现出对象的内在精神气质。
② 造型艺术的表现性在于它传达了艺术家的思想情感和审美理想。 ③ 艺术家会自觉地用形式美的法则去进行艺术创造。
第七章 表情艺术
第一节 表情艺术的主要种类
表情艺术——通过床产能的物质媒介（音响、人体）来直接表现人的情感，间接反映社会生活的一类艺术的总称，主要是指音乐、舞蹈两门表现性和表演性艺术。
表情艺术是人类历史上最古老的艺术门类，远古时代的原始人的狩猎活动和巫术活动中，就已经有了舞蹈与音乐。
表情艺术也是当代生活中，被人们最普及，最广泛的艺术门类。 表情艺术最基本的美学特征就是抒情性和表现性。
一、音乐艺术
音乐艺术——通过有组织的乐音在时间上的流动来创造艺术形象、传达思想感情、表现生活感受的一种表现性时间艺术。
音乐的种类繁多，一般讲音乐划分成声乐和器乐两大类。
音乐的艺术语言主要包括旋律、节奏、和声、复调、曲式、调式、调性等。 旋律是音乐的灵魂，节奏体现出音乐的时间感，和声体现音乐的空间感。
旋律——音乐最主要的表现手段，它把高低、长短不同的乐音按照一定的节奏、节拍以致调式、调性关系组织起来，塑造音乐形象，表现特定的内容和情感。
节奏——音响的长短、强弱、轻重等有规律的组合，是旋律的主干也是乐曲构成的主要因素，使乐曲体现出情感的波动起伏。
和声——多声部音乐按照一定关系构成符合重叠复合的音响现象，是音乐具有结构、色彩、立体感。
交响乐——现代交响乐形成于18、19世纪之交，以海顿、莫扎特、贝多芬为代表的维也纳古典乐派，使交响乐进入黄金时代。 欧洲音乐史上的主要音乐流派： 1、维也纳古典乐派——从18世纪下半叶至19世纪上半初以古典风格为创作标志的音乐流派，以海顿，莫扎特，贝多芬为主要代表。
conferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \n different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\nt to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses most hope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\on, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, ong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes of
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difficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \specialise in uplifting blend with the article\on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \Who is handsome.\ople only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \s\heir respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extent because of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \ople and country.\Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \bout others\heng Banqiao's also wrote a \a Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \has so feelings, alone we is to\rving \poses of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, realdo love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \nsist your dream, without serenity not go far.\he sublimation of the soul. As Township and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 2、浪漫乐派——19世界在欧洲兴起的音乐流派，强调激情，强调抒发主观情感，代表人物：德国的舒伯特、匈牙利的李斯特，俄罗斯的柴可夫斯基。
3、民族乐派——19世纪中叶在欧洲兴起的具有鲜明的民族风格，民族特色的音乐流派，代表人物：俄罗斯的“强力集团”，捷克的德沃夏克。
4、20世纪的西方音乐流派繁多，以法国音乐家德彪西为代表的印象派音乐，奥地利的勋伯格为代表的表现派音乐。
二、舞蹈艺术
舞蹈艺术——以提炼加工过的人体动作为主要表现手段，运用舞蹈语言、节奏、表情、和构图等多种基本要素，塑造出具有直观性和动态性的舞蹈形象，表达人们思想感情的一种艺术样式。
舞蹈是人类历史上最古老的艺术之一，远古时代，原始社会的先民们就已经开始了图腾舞蹈活动，并把它作为图腾崇拜的重要内容。 舞蹈的种类分为：古典舞、民族舞、现代舞。
现代舞的创始人是美国舞蹈家——伊莎多拉·邓肯，现代舞主张打破古典芭蕾传统的程式束缚，更加自由地表现内心情感。
舞蹈还可以分为生活舞蹈与艺术舞蹈两大类。
生活舞蹈——与人们日常生活联系紧密的一类舞蹈，动作简单，未受过专门训练的人也容易学会，目的在于社交，自娱，具有广泛的群众性和普及性。
艺术舞蹈——指专业或业余舞蹈家通过艺术创作在舞台上表演的艺术作品。这类舞蹈常常需要较高的技艺水平、完整的艺术构思、鲜明的主题思想和栩栩如生的艺术形象。
民间舞蹈——在民间广泛流传的传统舞蹈形式，它生动地反映出各个地区，各民族的性格爱好、风俗习惯、和审美趣味，具有强烈的民族风格和鲜明的地方色彩。
芭蕾——起源于意大利，是欧洲的古典舞，具有一套严格的规范和程式，尤其是脚尖鞋的运用和脚尖舞的技巧，更是将芭蕾与其他舞蹈品种明显地区分开来。
第二节 表情艺术的审美特征
一、抒情性与表现性
抒情性是音乐、舞蹈的基本属性。
音乐舞蹈的抒情性，来源于他们内在的本质属性和特殊的表现手段，音乐中有组织的乐音，舞蹈中人的形体动作，都可以通过力度的强弱、节奏的快慢、幅度和能量的大小等多种方式，来表现人们繁复多样、细腻深刻的内心情感。
正是由于音乐、舞蹈具有抒情的本质属性，使他们的创作和欣赏总是离不开强烈的情感体验，这恰恰是表情艺术的独特魅力。
表现性可以表现音乐舞蹈的独特魅力。
音乐与舞蹈这一类表情艺术，难以模拟或再现客观对象，长于表现或传达创作主体的情绪，具有强烈的感染力和表现力。
音乐作品的情感内涵往往还具有多义性和模糊性，因此它更要欣赏者充分调动自身的联想和想象，用全部身心去感受和体验，才能最终完成音乐情感的传达和接受。
音乐能够表现最复杂，最深刻，最细微的内心情感，这些朦胧的情感常常是语言无法表达的。
二、表演性与形象性
音乐、舞蹈都属于表演艺术，既表演性，通过演员表演并借助舞台来完成的艺术形式，除音乐、舞蹈外、还包括戏剧、戏曲、曲艺等艺术门类。
表演艺术都包括一度创作和二度创作两个过程，而且，二度创作（世纪的表演、演奏或、演唱）可以多次进行。
音乐形象和舞蹈形象的存在，必然依赖于二度创作的表演。
conferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \onals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \hought to overshadow, thinkingwithout learning is perilous.\ant to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses most hope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\people know that copyingother people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, ong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \specialise in uplifting blend with the article\on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \Who is handsome.\ople only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \s\heir respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extent because of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \ople and country.\Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \bout others\heng Banqiao's also wrote a \a Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \has so feelings, alone we is to\rving \poses of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, realdo love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\he sublimation of the soul. As Township and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 形象性也是音乐盒舞蹈艺术的重要审美特征
舞蹈形象的塑造，完全要依靠演员的形体动作来实现，舞蹈中的表演性是形象性的基础。在注重描写人物的舞剧或舞蹈作品中，舞蹈形象主要是指以舞蹈动作、姿态、表情和造型所塑造出来的人物形象。
三、节奏性与韵律美
在艺术领域中，节奏是最重要的艺术表现形式之一。不仅时间艺术离不开节奏，甚至空间艺术也同样离不开节奏。节奏甚至可以看做是表情艺术的生命。
在音乐中节奏是最基本最重要的表现手段，音乐的节奏是乐音的长短、高低、强弱等变化组合，他是旋律的骨干，也是乐曲结构的基本构成因素。
节奏也是舞蹈艺术最基本的构成要素和表现手段，舞蹈节奏一般表现为人体的律动，即人体动作的力度强弱、速度快慢、以及动作幅度和能量的大小等，因此，舞蹈节奏常常体现为人体动作的韵律美。
在舞蹈作品种，音乐与舞蹈紧密结合，没有成功的音乐就没有完美的舞蹈，而节奏正式他们结合的纽带。富有韵律美的舞蹈动作，建立在节奏的基础上；音乐的节奏又需要通过优美的舞蹈动作来形象优美的展现出来。
第八章 综合艺术
第一节 综合艺术的主要种类
综合艺术——是戏剧、戏曲、电影、电视等一类艺术的总称，综合艺术吸取了文学、绘画、音乐、舞蹈等各门艺术的长处，获得了多种手段和方式的艺术表现力，形成了自己独特的审美特征，他将时间与空间，视觉与听觉，再现与表现，造型与表演的特点融会在一起，更加具有强烈的艺术感染力。
一 戏剧艺术
戏剧——从广义上讲，包括话剧、戏曲、歌剧、舞剧，乃至目前欧美流行的音乐剧，狭义上的戏剧主要是话剧。
戏剧艺术——戏剧是在舞台上以演员对话和动作为表现手段，为观众当场表演的一门艺术，有两个重要组成部分，戏剧文学和演员的表演。 戏剧的分类：
按照作品容量——多幕剧、独幕剧
按照作品体裁——历史剧、现代剧、儿童剧等 按照作品样式——戏剧、悲剧、正剧 世界悲剧的四大高峰期：
① 古希腊的命运悲剧——索福克勒斯《狄俄浦斯王》 ② 中世纪末期的性格悲剧——莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》 ③ 近现代的社会被悲剧——易卜生《玩偶之家》，小仲马《茶花女》 ④ 现当代的现代悲喜剧——迪尔马特《老妇还乡》
戏剧艺术的戏剧性——戏剧艺术通过演员扮演的角色之间的冲突来开展剧情，刻画人物，借以吸引观众，实现艺术效果和审美作用的特性，构成戏剧性的中心环节是戏剧动作和戏剧冲突，没有戏剧冲突就没有戏剧。
戏剧艺术的剧场性——在综合艺术中，戏剧和戏曲需要演员在舞台上进行现场表演，可以多次进行。剧场性对戏剧演员的表演艺术提出了很高的要求，人们常常把剧本、演员、观众称为戏剧艺术的三要素，其中最本质的要素是演员，因此戏剧艺术的中心是表演艺术。
conferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \n different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \Learning without thought to overshadow, thinking without learning is perilous.\nt to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses most hope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\on, the reason, the key is that many people know that copying other people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, ong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes of
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（完整）《艺术学概论》（彭吉象） - 知识点提要，推荐文档
