（完整）《艺术学概论》（彭吉象） - 知识点提要，推荐文档

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difficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \specialise in uplifting blend with the article\on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \Who is handsome.\ople only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \s\heir respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extent because of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \ople and country.\Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \bout others\heng Banqiao's also wrote a \a Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \has so feelings, alone we is to\rving \poses of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, realdo love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \nsist your dream, without serenity not go far.\he sublimation of the soul. As Township and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 上编艺术总论

广义的艺术包括作为语言艺术的文学，狭义的艺术专制文学以外的其他艺术门类，将文学与艺术并列起来，合称“文艺”。

广义上的艺术包括：实用艺术（建筑、园林、工艺美术、现代设计）、造型艺术（绘画、雕塑、摄影、书法）、表情艺术（音乐，舞蹈）、综合艺术（戏剧、戏曲、电影、电视）、语言艺术（诗歌、散文、小说），民族民间艺术（杂技、曲艺、木偶、皮影）。

19世纪末德国的康德拉·费德勒极力主张将艺术与美学区分开来，成为相互交叉而独立的学科，这标志着艺术学的独立，费德勒因此被称为“艺术学之父”。

艺术学的内容包括艺术理论、艺术批评和艺术史。

第一章艺术的本质与特征

第一节艺术的本质

一、关于艺术本质的几种主要看法

客观精神说——艺术是“理念”或者客观“宇宙精神”的体现。代表人物：

（古希腊哲学家）柏拉图——现实世界是理式世界的摹本，艺术是现实世界的摹本，艺术是摹本的摹本，是影子的影子。

（德国古典美学集大成者）黑格尔——美就是理念的感性显现。“理念”是内容，“感性显现”是表现形式，二者辩证统一。

xié

（南北朝）刘,,勰——在《文心雕龙》里提出《原道》认为“文以载道”。文是道的表现，道是文的本源。

主观精神说——艺术是“自我意识的表现”，是“生命本体的冲动”。代表人物：

（德国古典美学开山鼻祖）康德——艺术纯粹是作家、艺术家们的天才创造物，这种“自由的艺术”丝毫不夹杂任何利害关系，不涉及任何目的。强调创作主体（人）的重要性，把自由活动看作是艺术与审美活动的精髓。

（德国哲学家）尼采——人的主观意志是世界上万事万物的主宰，也是推动历史发展的根本动因。在其代表作《悲剧的诞生》中把日神冲动和酒神冲动看做艺术的两种根源，把“梦”和“醉”看做审美的两种基本状态。

模仿说/再现说——西方思想史上影响力很大的观点，认为艺术是对现实的“模仿”。代表人物：

（古希腊哲学家）亚里士多德——认为艺术是对现实的模仿肯定了现实与艺术的真实性，认为艺术比所模仿的现实更加真实，认为艺术家不应当“按照事物本来的样子去模仿”，而是“照事物应当有的样子去模仿”。

（俄国革命主义者）车尔尼雪夫斯基——认为“美是生活”，艺术是对生活的“再现”，是对客观现实的“再现”。

另外还有形象说、形式说、情感说、表现说

二、艺术本质问题的理论基础（马克思主义理论）

人类社会的生产活动分为“物质生产”、“精神生产”，艺术生产作为一种特殊的精神生产，是为了满足人们的审美需要，构成了人类灿烂的艺术文化宝库。

conferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \onals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \hought to overshadow, thinkingwithout learning is perilous.\ant to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses most hope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\people know that copyingother people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, ong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \specialise in uplifting blend with the article\on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \Who is handsome.\ople only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \s\heir respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extent because of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \ople and country.\Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \bout others\heng Banqiao's also wrote a \a Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \has so feelings, alone we is to\rving \poses of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, realdo love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \nsist your dream, without serenity not go far.\he sublimation of the soul. As Township and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in “艺术生产”理论给艺术学研提供的启示：

1、艺术生产理论揭示了艺术的起源、性质和特点。

① ②

艺术的发展经历了漫长的历史过程才从物质生产中分化出来。艺术一方面是对客观社会的反映，另一方面又凝聚着艺术家主观的审美理想和情感愿望。

2、艺术生产理论阐明了两种生产的“不平衡关系”。

① 艺术的发展脱离不了社会的物质生产条件。一定时代的艺术发展，是在一定的经济基础

上形成的。

② 在社会发展历史的某些阶段上，艺术的繁荣与社会物质生产的发展呈现出某种不平衡现象。

③ 艺术生产必然受到物质生产的制约，不包括个别特殊现象。

3、艺术生产理论揭示了艺术系统的奥秘。

艺术生产理论把“艺术创作——艺术作品——艺术鉴赏”作为一个完整的系统来研究，从而揭示出艺术作品与欣赏者、对象与主体、生产与消费之间相互依存，相互转化的辩证关系。

第二节艺术的本质（特征）

艺术的形象性——艺术反映生活的特殊形式。

① 艺术形象是客观与主管的统一。 ② 艺术形象是内容与形式的统一。 ③ 艺术形象是个性与共性的统一。

成功的艺术形象，无不具有鲜明而独特的个性，丰富而广泛的社会概括性。

艺术典型：艺术家运用典型化的方法，创造出来的具有栩栩如生的鲜明个性并体现出普遍意义的典型形象。艺术典型比起艺术形象来具有更强烈的个性与更广泛的共性，是艺术形象的凝练与升华。

艺术的主体性——体现在艺术创作的全过程（艺术创作、艺术成品、艺术欣赏）。

①

② ③ ① ② ③

艺术创作具有主体性。（艺术家个人风格）艺术作品具有主体性。（艺术家个人烙印）艺术欣赏具有主体性。（“有一千个读者，就有一千个哈姆雷特”）

艺术的审美性是人类审美意识的集中体现。（体现人类的审美意识）艺术的审美性是真、善、美的结晶。（将生活中的真、善、美凝聚在作品中）艺术的审美性是内容和形式美的统一。（二者有机结合，辩证统一）

艺术的审美性——艺术品具有审美价值。

第二章艺术的起源

第一节关于艺术起源的几种观点

模仿说——是关于艺术起源的最古老的说法，在欧洲占统治地位2000多年。

代表人物：

（古希腊哲学家）德谟克利特——认为艺术是对自然的“模仿”。

（古希腊哲学家）亚里士多德——认为“模仿”是人类的本能，所有的文艺都是“模仿”，模仿所用的媒介不同，所取的对象不同，所用的方式不同，所有的艺术都起源于对自然界和社会现实的模仿。（春秋时代）《管子》——音乐是模仿动物的声音而来的。

模仿说肯定了艺术来源于客观的自然界和社会现实，包含着朴素唯物主义的观点，但只是

conferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \onals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \hought to overshadow, thinkingwithout learning is perilous.\ant to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses most hope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\people know that copyingother people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, ong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \specialise in uplifting blend with the article\on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \Who is handsome.\ople only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \s\heir respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extent because of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \ople and country.\Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \bout others\heng Banqiao's also wrote a \a Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \has so feelings, alone we is to\rving \poses of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, realdo love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\he sublimation of the soul. As Township and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 触及了事物的表面没有揭示本质。

游戏说——流行于19世纪末20世纪初，认为艺术活动或审美活动起源于人类所具有的游戏

本能，由于人有过剩的精力，人们将过剩的精力运用到没有实际效用，没用功利目的的活动中，体现为一种自由的“游戏”。代表人物：

（18世纪德国哲学家）席勒《审美书简》——人的“感性冲动”和“理性冲动”必须通过“游戏冲动”才能有机地协调起来。

（19世纪英国哲学家）斯宾塞——人类是高等动物，比低等动物有更多的过剩精力，艺术和游戏就是人的过剩精力的发泄。

（德国学者）布鲁斯——游戏是在轻松愉快的活动中，不知不觉地在为将来的实际生活做准备或练习。

游戏说肯定了游戏的艺术活动和审美活动，将游戏和艺术联系在一起，在某种程度上揭示了艺术的部分特殊性，但仅仅从生物学或心理学的角度出发仍然未能揭示艺术产生的最终原因。

表现说——在东西方有着悠久的历史，19世纪后在西方文艺界有较大影响，是西方现代文艺

思潮的主要理论基础，即强调艺术应当“表现自我”。代表人物：（东汉）《毛诗序》——“情动于中，而形于言，言之不足故嗟叹之，嗟叹之不足故歌咏之，歌咏之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。” （意大利美学家）克罗齐——“直觉即表现”，艺术的本质是直觉，直觉的来源是情感，直觉即表现，因而，艺术归根结底是情感的表现。

（英国史学家）科林伍德——只有表现情感的艺术才是所谓“真正的艺术”，艺术就是艺术家的主观想象和情感表现。

（俄国文豪）列夫·托尔斯泰——艺术起源于传达感情的需要。

（美国当代美学家）苏珊·朗格——艺术是人类情感的符号形式的创造，艺术品就是人类情感的表现形式。

表现说，把艺术的起源归结为“表现”脱离开人类的社会实践，仍然是把现象当做本质，把结果当做原因，依然是片面的。

巫术说——出现于20世纪，是西方在艺术起源上影响最大的一种理论。

代表人物：

（19世纪末，20世纪初英国人类学家）爱德华·泰勒《原始文化》中最早提出“万物有灵”的巫术的理论主张。

（英国文化人类学家）弗雷泽《金枝》认为原始部落的一切风俗信仰，都源自交感巫术。巫术是原始人面对自然的一种手段，目的是作用于社会实践，所以艺术的起源最终应该归结于社会实践活动。

劳动说——19世界末叶出现，马克思主义的艺术起源说，在我国文艺界占据主导地位。

代表人物：

（俄国共产主义革命家）普列汉诺夫，《没有地址的信》系统的论述了艺术的起源和发展的问题，并且得出了艺术发生于“劳动”的观点。

生产劳动是艺术起源的根本原因，但艺术的起源是多原因的，并非单原因的，是多元的，不是单一的。艺术是人类创造的特定精神文化现象，我们应当从多方面考虑。

第二节人类实践与艺术起源的多元化决定论

（法国结构主义学者）阿尔都塞——把列维·施特劳斯的结构主义观点用于说明社会

（法国艺术史学家）希尔恩《艺术的起源》——艺术本身是一种综合现象，研究艺术的起源必须从社会学、人类学、心理学等多学科相结合的角度采取综合研究的方法，才能揭示艺术起源的奥秘。

艺术产生于非艺术，使用价值先于审美价值，艺术起源于人类社会实践的历史发展中。艺术的产生经历了一个由实用到审美、以巫术为中介、以劳动为前提的漫长历史发展过程，其中也渗透着人类模仿的需要、表现的冲动和游戏的本能，艺术的起源从根本上讲，最终归结于人类的实践活动。

第三章艺术的功能与艺术教育

第一节艺术的社会功能

艺术的产生是通过创造具有审美价值的艺术品来满足人们的审美需要。审美价值是艺术最基本、最主要的特性。

艺术的主要社会功能是审美认知、审美教育、审美娱乐。

艺术的审美认知作用——主要是指人们通过艺术鉴赏活动，可以更加深刻地认识自然、社会、历史和人生。

艺术的审美认知作用的特点：

① 艺术对于社会、历史、人生具有审美认识功能，往往能够更加深刻地揭示社会、历史、人生的真谛和内涵，反映社会的广度深度，常常通过生动感人的艺术形象，给人们带来难以忘却的社会生活知识。

② 对于大至天体、小至细胞的自然现象，艺术同样具有审美认识作用，可以增加人的科学知识。 ③ 对于艺术的认识功能也不能估价过高，在认识自然现象方面，比不上自然科学；在认识社会、历史方面，艺术也不可能像社会学、历史学那样完备翔实地占有资料。

艺术的审美教育作用——主要是指人们通过艺术欣赏活动，受到真、善、美的熏陶和感染，思想上受到启迪，实践上找到榜样，认识上得到提高，从而正确地理解和认识生活，树立起正确的人生观和世界观。

艺术审美教育作用的特点：

① 以情感人——是艺术教育与其他教育之间最鲜明的区别，艺术作品总是灌注着艺术家的思想感情，通过生动感人的艺术描绘，使人受到强烈的感染和熏陶。

② 潜移默化——艺术作品对人的感染，常常是在毫无强制的情况下，使欣赏着自由自愿、不知不觉地受到感染，心灵得到净化。（艺术常常成为宗教宣传教义的载体，爱国主义教育的范本。） ③ 寓教于乐——强调，应当把思想教育融合到艺术审美娱乐之中。

艺术的审美娱乐作用——主要是指通过艺术欣赏活动，使人们的审美需要得到满足，获得精神享受和审美愉悦，使身心得到愉快和休息。

艺术的审美娱乐作用：

① 艺术作品之所以受人欢迎，在于它能给人以精神上的享受，人们通过欣赏艺术作品，能使其审美需要得到满足，精神上产生一种愉悦、美感。

② 使人们通过艺术欣赏得到积极的休息，从而更好地投入新的工作。

③ 通过审美欣赏，人们不仅可以满足精神上的审美需要，身心得到积极的休息，还能从中受到教育和启迪。

第二节艺术教育

美育理论体系的建立18世纪德国美学家席勒正式提出来，席勒在《美育书简》这一美学理论名著中，席勒不仅仅从道德教育的特殊方式来看待问题，而是从自然与人、感性与理性等基本哲学命题提出人性的复归，使西方的美育理论进入到一个新的阶段。

conferences, learned superiors policies; reports, you can learn to deal with problems, art, just wanted to learn, to learn at any time. To continuously expand the scope of the study. The complexity and comprehensiveness of our work, decided to not only do we want to be \onals\different areas of knowledge. Mastery of knowledge not only to have knowledge to rational analysis. This on requirements we, not only to learning national of route, and approach, and policy, also to learning national of legal, and regulations; not only to with political theory armed mind, also to with economic theory guide work; not only to read history, also to read history; not only to absorption SM of mirror, also to gets is of road; not only to from local learn, also to to outside learn; not only to to books learn, also to field study learn. Therefore, I would encourage you, and more to the outside world when I have time to take a look at, take a stroll, outside developments, learn other people's development approach, and then come back to guide our work. Second, we must think. \hought to overshadow, thinkingwithout learning is perilous.\ant to foster the character of advancing with the times, forge ahead, often reflect themselves in adapting to the new situation on whether there are delays, have anything to fear in the reform and innovation, whether in terms of accelerating the development of a relaxation, keep promising State of mind. In order to do investigations, investigations is the road to heaven, God disposes of the base. To wants to real heard truth, and justice to truth, and get truth, received effectiveness, on must in-depth actual, and outreach, and in-depth masses, worship masses for Division, and masses heart, with masses with discussion everyone care of problem, listening they of calls, understand they of mood, feel they of suffering, summary they of experience, concentrated they of wisdom, especially on masses most hope, and most urgent, and most worries, and most complained of hot, and difficulties and focus problem, more to active research, caught not put. Dare to innovate, in our work, often remain \old way doesn't work, the new approach would not\people know that copyingother people's ideas, mechanically, using someone else's old ways. To change this predicament, requires us to break the shackles of traditional concepts to overcome conservative, conformist, good at finding new problems and to accept new things, summarize new experience, new ideas, developing new programmes and Maverick, a new approach to solve problems, speed up development. Especially in implement superior policy spirit of process in the, both implementation, and cannot mechanically, to to extraordinary of courage and develop enterprising of spirit, put flexibility and principle combined up, put superior of spirit and local reality combined up, ong conspiracy to breakthrough of policy, and exercise innovation of lift, developed out development works of, and grass-roots welcomes ofdifficult, not hating; blueprints, not rhetoric; words and simple, but full of love, truth, passion, entrepreneurial passion. Take this opportunity, my inspirational quotes Li Dazhao's classic \specialise in uplifting blend with the article\on how to do well under the new situation of township and village leaders inspire and help, and also share with you. A good play to create iron shoulders strong arms, to assume the burden be passed; only specific qualities, will it be possible in specific areas to create a world. In my view, village chiefs in the new situation, we must first have five basic quality. One ambition is to pioneer. \Who is handsome.\ople only high-minded can stimulate the flow of momentum to become brave and persistent, become quiet and powerful. Township and village party \s\heir respective jurisdictions, political stability and economic and social development issues, decisions and orientation depends to a large extent because of your. Everybody in village chiefs and the positions, both the trust of the masses, the Organization's trust, more ability to you, fully affirmed the moral and other qualities. Therefore, we must always maintain the historical mission and social responsibility, and our ideal tree rooted in the hard work of the soil, with indomitable spirit, indomitable courage to open up a new situation of villages and towns. To have a feeling of closeness to the second. \ople and country.\Our business foundation in the people's blood in the people power people. Advanced decisions of the party cadres to the feelings of the people is an eternal theme. Fan Zhong-yan, called \bout others\heng Banqiao's also wrote a \a Chai lay listening to the rustling of bamboo, the suspect is suffering. Cao County officials, little my, a total turn off. \has so feelings, alone we is to\rving \poses of people servant does? we more should always hold with on people of deep feelings, heart Department masses of leading visited tea, care masses of emotions thoughts complained, always insisted put masses of interests put in first, consciously from itself do up, from small do up, from masses most care, and most directly, and most reality of interests problem grabbed, realdo love for people by Department, and right for people by with, and Lee for people by conspiracy to. Three with the fame of mind. \-indifferent not insist your dream, without serenity not go far.\he sublimation of the soul. As Township and village, be sure to maintain a normal state of mind, establish a correct viewpoint on power, position and values and Outlook, as fame is light like water, depending ... 50 km, also red and like hundreds of thousands of the KMT military combat, but he went on to collect a variety of newspapers and magazines, and then race against time to pore over. As long as the study of mind, it is not necessary to come to the library, workshops, into the villages, people learned farming techniques, problem-solving methods, participation in 在中国最早公开将美育与德育、智育相提并论的是清末学者王国维，明国时期教育家蔡元培提出过“以美育代宗教”的主张，认为这是人类文化发展的必然趋势，将西方康德、席勒的思想和中国古代美育传统柔和到一起，突出了情感在美育中的重要地位，强调美育是陶冶人的感情，改造人的世界观，使人达到一种新的精神境界的最好途径。

美育的核心是艺术教育，艺术具有审美认识、审美教育、审美娱乐等独特的功能和作用，具有以情感人、潜移默化、寓教于乐等特点，使艺术教育成为审美教育的主要内容和主要方式。

艺术教育的意义：

① 狭义——艺术教育被理解为为培养艺术家或专业艺术人才所进行的各种理论和实践教育。

② 广义——艺术教育作为美育的核心，它的根本目标是培养全面发展的人。

艺术教育的根本目标和任务，就是培养全面发展的人才。艺术教育的任务：

① 普及艺术的基本知识，提高人的艺术修养。

② 健全审美心理结构，充分发挥人的想象力和创造力。 ③ 陶冶人的情感，培养完美人格。

第四章文化系统中的艺术

第一节作为文化现象的艺术

19世纪最有影响的英国文化人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》（1871）：“文化或文明是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗、以及包括作为社会成员的个人而获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一种综合体。”

20世纪最有影响的文化定义是美国文化学家克鲁伯、克拉克洪在《文化：概念和定义的批判性回顾》：“文化包括各种外显或内隐的行为模式，通过符号的运用使人们习得并传授，并构成了人类群体的显著成就；文化的基本核心是历史上经过选择的价值体系；文化既是人类活动的产物，又是限制人类进一步活动的因素。”——文化概念界说文化系统：

物质文化制度文化精神文化（基础）（中介）（核心）（哲学、道德、宗教、科学、艺术）

艺术在人类文化中的地位：

① 艺术始终参与和推动着人类文化的历史发展进程，体现和反映出人类文化的各个历史发展阶段。 ② 艺术作为文化的独特组成部分，必然受到文化大系统的制约和影响。

③ 物质文化和制度文化，决定和制约着精神文化，政治、经济对包括艺术在内的精神文化具有制约作用。

第二节艺术与哲学

哲学是关于世界观和方法论的学问，主要研究自然界、人类社会、人的思维等领域，带有普遍性的根本规律。

哲学通过美学作为中介来影响艺术哲学与艺术的相互关系：

① 哲学思潮对艺术家产生影响

② 哲学思潮使一大批表现哲学性的艺术作品诞生 ③ 哲学思潮促进艺术潮流的诞生