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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 第9章 英语语言的应用（Ⅱ）
9.1 复习笔记
【本章要点】
1. Cooperation in using English 英语语言应用中的合作原则 2. Politeness in using English 英语语言应用中的礼貌原则
3. Face considerations in using English 英语语言应用中的“面子”原则 4. Using English as a rhetorical act 英语语言应用作为一种修辞行为 5. Using English as a cultural act 英语语言应用作为一种文化行为
【本章考点】
合作原则；礼貌原则；语用中的修辞学；语用与文化。
【本章内容索引】
Ⅰ. Cooperation in using English 1. Definition of Cooperation Principle 2. Four Maxims of CP 3. Violation of the CP 4. Implicature vs. Implication Ⅱ. Politeness in using English 1. Definition of Politeness Principle 2. Six Maxims of PP
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www.100xuexi.com 圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 Ⅲ. Face considerations in using English 1. Definition of Face considerations 2. The consistence of Face considerations Ⅳ. Using English as a rhetorical act
1. The purpose of Using English as a rhetorical act 2. Two devices of Using English as a rhetorical act Ⅴ. Using English as a cultural act General Introduction
Ⅰ. Cooperation in using English（英语语言应用中的合作原则） 1. Definition of Cooperation Principle（合作原则的定义）
Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
使你所说的话，在其所发生的阶段，符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向。 2. Four Maxims of CP（合作原则的四条准则）
①The maxim of quality: requires the speaker to be truthful（质量准则：要求说话人的话语真实）
a. Do not say what you believe to be false; 不要说自知是不真实的话；
b. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. 不要说缺乏足够证据的话。
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www.100xuexi.com 说话人提供信息）
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 ②The maxim of quantity: requires the speaker to be informative（数量准则：要求
a. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purposes of the exchange);
使你的话语包含交谈所需要的信息（按照当前交流需要）；
b. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. 你的话语不用包含超出需要的信息。
③The maxim of relation: requires the speaker to be relevant（关系准则：要求说话者说话有关联）
Make sure that whatever you say is relevant to the conversation at hand. 保证你说的任何话语都与当时的对话有关。
④The Maxim of Manner: requires the speaker to be clear and lucid（方式准则：要求说话者表达清晰）
a. Avoid obscurity of expression避免晦涩 b. Avoid ambiguity避免歧义 c. Be brief做到简练 d. Be orderly井井有条
3. Violation of the CP（合作原则的违反）
(1) by violation (which is likely to mislead); e.g. to tell lies. 违反合作原则（可能产生误导）；例如：说谎话。
(2) by opting out (saying, for example, “I don’t want to talk about it”); 退出对话（例如：“我现在不想谈论这个问题。”）
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www.100xuexi.com 圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 (3) by fulfilling one at the expense of another owing to a conflict of maxims. (you cannot be as informative as is required if you do not have enough evidence); for example:
为了满足一个准则而违反另一个准则。（如果你没有足够的证据就不能提供足够的信息）；例如：
A: Where does Tom live? 汤姆住在那儿？
B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city. 城市郊区某个地方。 (4) by blatantly flouting a maxim; for example: 公然违反准则；例如：
A: Let’s get the kids something.让我们给孩子买些东西吧！ B: Okay, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.好，但是我反对买冰淇淋！ 4. Implicature vs. Implication（会话含义 vs. 含义）
(1) Definition of a conversational implicature（会话含义的定义）
A conversational implicature is something that is implied in conversation or beyond. Implicature is different from the familiar term “implication” because the latter technically defines a logical relationship between two propositions:
会话含义是指在会话过程中所暗含的意思，它有别于逻辑上所指的技术用语假设。 (2) The character of conversational implicature（会话含义的特点）
In everyday talk, we often convey propositions that are not explicit in our utterances but are merely implied by them. Basically we seem to be dealing here with a regularity that cannot be captured in any straightforward syntactic or semantic analysis, but has to be accounted for in other ways.
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www.100xuexi.com 圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 在日常谈话中，我们经常转移暗指我们谈话的命题而并非所指我们正在谈论的话语。实质上，我们在处理规则上是以其它的方式而非根据直接的句法或语意分析。
Ⅱ. Politeness in using English（英语语言应用中的礼貌原则） 1. Definition of Politeness Principle（礼貌原则的定义）
There is a general principle of politeness: to be polite, one needs to minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs and maximize (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs.
礼貌原则遵守尽量礼貌的准则，我们需要尽量少表达不礼貌的信念，尽量多表达有礼貌的信念。
2. Six Maxims of PP（六条最大化礼貌原则）
(1) The Tact Maxim: minimize cost to others; maximize benefit to others (other-perspective)
得体准则：使他人受损最小；使他人受惠最大。
(2) The Generosity Maxim: minimize benefit to self; maximize cost to self (self-perspective).
慷慨准则：使自身受惠最小；使自身受损最大。
(3) The Approbation Maxim: minimize dispraise of others; maximize praise of others (other-perspective).
赞誉准则：尽量少贬低别人；尽量多赞誉别人。
(4) The Modesty Maxim: minimize praise of self; maximize dispraise of self (self-perspective)
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陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解-第9~12章【圣才出品】
