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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 第5章 英语语言结构（Ⅱ）
5.1 复习笔记
【本章要点】
1. English paragraphs 英语段落 2. English texts 英语语篇
3. Cohesion in English texts 英语语篇的衔接
4. Thematic progression in English texts 英语语篇主位推进
【本章考点】
英语段落，语篇的衔接等。
【本章内容索引】 Ⅰ. English paragraphs Ⅱ. English texts
Ⅲ. Cohesion in English texts
1. Different means to develop cohesion in texts 2. Classification of reference
Ⅳ. Thematic progression in English texts
Ⅰ. English paragraphs（英语段落）
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www.100xuexi.com idea of the paragraph.
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 A typical English paragraph employs a topic sentence stating the controlling
一个典型的英语段落中会用一个主题句来陈述整个段落的主旨大意。
To develop a paragraph, one may employ such means as exemplification, instantiation, comparison or contrast, cause effect reasoning, definition, analogy, and enumeration.
为丰富段落，人们可能会用举例，例示，对比，因果推理，定义，类推和列举等。
Ⅱ. English texts（英语语篇）
A well-written text is not a simple amalgam of paragraphs. It must be properly organized around a central purpose or coherent topic.
一篇好的文章不是简单的段落叠加。它必须围绕一个中心思想或一个主题。
Different forms of writing are developed in different ways. An English narrative story runs, by default, in chronological order.
不同的写作形式使用不同的写作方法。英语记叙文一般采用时间顺序记录。
By comparison, an English argumentative essay contains three major parts: introduction, main body and conclusion.
相反地，英语议论文写作主要包括三个部分：开头介绍，主要内容和总结。
Ⅲ. Cohesion in English texts（英语语篇的衔接）
1. Different means to develop cohesion in texts（促进语篇衔接的不同手段） a. Logically, the use of such expressions as “because” “however” “by contrast”,
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www.100xuexi.com 圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 and “firstly” indicates how the previous sentence(s) is connected with the current or even following sentence(s).
从逻辑上来说，使用“因为”“然而”“相反地”以及“首先”等表达方式来衔接前后句子之间的联系。
b. Grammatically, the use of ellipsis, reference like “he” and “it”, and substitution like “so”, “do”, and “the former” helps to establish cross-reference across sentences.
从语法上来说，使用指称代词“he” “it”以及替代词“so” “do” “the former”等建立句子中的互相参照及交叉互用。
c. Lexically, the repetition of the same word(s) or the use of synonyms, antonyms, meronyms, hyponyms, and summary terms contributes to the connectedness of the neighboring sentences.
从词汇上来说，同一词的重复使用以及同义词、反义词、部分词、下位词及总结类词的使用会有助于相邻句子的衔接。
2. Classification of reference（照应的分类）
The distinction can be drawn between exophoric reference and endophoric reference.
照应可以分为外照应和内照应。
Exophoric reference points to a relation between an entity in the situational context and a linguistic item in the text. It denotes a relation between the current pronominal item and the later occurring expression.
外照应是指情境语境中实物与语篇中语言学范畴的关系。它也表示当时使用代词与后来
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www.100xuexi.com 使用表达之间的关系。
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 Endophoric reference refers to the relation between two linguistic items in the same text. It involves a relation between a preceding referential expression or an antecedent and the current pronominal item.
内照应是指在在同一语篇中语言学范畴之间的关系。它涉及到前者指称表达及当时使用代词之间的关系。
Ⅳ. Thematic progression in English texts（英语语篇主位推进）
(1) The way a sentence is organized in a certain word order implies the choice of a focus, point of departure, or perspective.
不同语序组织的句子重点不同。即两个句子意思相同，但语序不同，强调的重点也随之变化。
(2) In English, sentences can be thought of as being divided into a topic and a comment. The topic of a sentence is also called the old information. The comment, on the other hand, is the new information.
句子包括主题与内容，主题是之前提过的旧信息，而内容是首次提出的新信息。 (3) Another pair of terms used sometimes interchangeably with “topic” and “comment” is “theme” and “rheme”.
主题与内容的另一种称呼为主位与述位。
5.2 课后习题详解
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www.100xuexi.com Check your understanding.
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 State whether each of the following statements is True or False.
(1) Every English paragraph contains a topic sentence, supporting details and a summary sentence. 【答案】F
(2) One may tell a story when arguing for a thesis. 【答案】T
(3) In order for two neighboring sentences to be cohesive, one must use some explicit device to conjoin them. 【答案】F
(4) Good texts always follow the same pattern of thematic progression. 【答案】F
In-class Activities
1. By “anaphora” we mean reference through the use of pronominal forms to something that has already been mentioned in the preceding text. Study the picture on the right.
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陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解-第5~8章【圣才出品】
