武汉大学
2015年博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题
一、阅读理解
Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression \eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.\That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.
Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.
1. The best title for this selection is （ ） A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime B. Approaches to Just Punishment C. Improvement in Legal Justice D. Attaining Justice in the Courts
2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective jus
tice is the （ ） .
A. type of crime that was proven B. severity for the punishment
C. reason for the sentence D. outcome of the trial
3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（ ）.
A. forced brain surgery B. whipping
C. solitary confinement D. the electric chair
4. The Biblical expression \tooth” was presented in order to （ ）.
A. prove，that equality demands just punishment B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law C. give moral backing to retributive justice
D. prove that man has long been interested in justice
\great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.\
This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.
If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around their
hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.
There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.
Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of
hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.
Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.
5. The phrase \（ ）
A. are confident in their ability to charm women. B. take the initiative in courtship.
C. have a clear idea of what is considered \D. tend to be more immoral than women are.
6. The third paragraph （）
A. generally agrees with the first paragraph B. has no connection with the first paragraph C. repeats the argument of the second paragraph D. contradicts the last paragraph
7. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（） A. is based on the study of archaeology
B. illustrates how people expect men to behave C. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke
D. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer
8. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（ ） A. approves of B. argues is natural C. completely rejects
D. expects to go on changing
Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to \is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term
(完整word版)2015武汉大学考博英语真题
