十六、过去将来完成进行时
1.概念:表示从过去某时看至未来某时以前会一直在进行的动作。 2.基本结构: should/would + have + been + 3.例子: He told me that by the end of
现在分词
the year he would have been living there for
30 年了。
thirty years. 他告诉我,到年底时,他就在那住了
一、 被动语态的用法:
25. 一般现在时的被动语态构成: Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard.
is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
我们教室每天都被打扫。
我被告知要努力学习。
刀是用来切东西的。
was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 去年修了一座新商店。
恐龙蛋被放置了很久很久。 will+ be +
及物动词的过去分词
Knives are used for cutting things. 26. 一般过去时的被动语态构成: A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 27. 一般将来时的被动语态构成: A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 28. 现在进行时的被动语态构成: Uncle Wang is mending my bike now. My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there.
我们城市将要修建一家新医院。
明年会种更多的树。
及物动词的过去分词
am / is / are + being + →
王叔叔正在修理我的自行车。 →
他们在那里种植的树木。
及物动词的过去分词
Trees are being planted over there by them. 29. 现在完成时的被动语态构成:
has / have + been +
This book has been translated into many languages. 这本书被翻译成多种文字。
在许多
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 国家有许多人造卫星被送上了太空。
30.过去进行时的被动语态构成:
was/were + being +
及物动词的过去分词
The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital. 赶到医院的时候这个男孩正在做手术。
The new road was being made. 这条新路正在修筑。 31.过去完成时的被动语态构成:
had + been + 及物动词的过去分词
当他的父母
The classroom hadn?t been cleaned before the teacher came. 未打扫。
The tickets had been sold out before I came to the cinema. 到了电影院。
32.将来完成时的被动语态构成:
shall/will + have done
在老师来之前,教室尚
在门票被销售一空前我赶
They will have been married for 20 years by then. The project will have been completed before May.
届时,他们结婚将满 该项目将在五月前完成。
20 周年。
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11.含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词 Young trees must be watered often.
+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
小树需要经常浇水。
你应该现在就改正你的错误。
Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside.
这扇门可以反锁。
你的家庭作业可以明天交。
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态
?
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单,可以遵循以下几个步骤: 33. 先找出谓语动词; 34. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语; 35. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语; 36. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. 鲁斯每星期写一封信。
24. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning. Lei this morning.
李雷今天上午在修理坏的自行车。
→Two novels have been written by him so far. 至
→The broken bike was mended by Li
→A letter is written by Bruce every we ek. 布
25. He has written two novels so far. 今他已写了两部小说。
26. They will plant ten t 他们明天将要种植十棵树。
27. Lucy is writing a letter now. 信。
28. You must lock the door when you leave. 当你离开的时候你必须把门锁上。
三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题: 10. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years
rees tomorrow. →Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 露西正在写
→the door must be locked when you leave.
?一百年里会发生什么事?
约 65 万年前恐龙灭绝。
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 11. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well.
这支钢笔很好写。
这本新书卖的很好。
This new book sells well.
12. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略 被动语态时,须加上
to。
to 的动词不定式, 主动语态中不带 to ,但变为
例: make somebody do something →somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something →somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.
→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl
when she passed by. 一个女孩看到我的钱夹掉了当她经过的时候。
The boss made the little boy do heavy work by the boss.
work. →The little boy was
made to do heavy
这个老板让这小男孩干重活。
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12. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词 后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book. →A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.
他给了我一本书。
他给我展示了一张票。
我
→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. 父亲给我买了一辆新自行车。
→A new bike was bought for me by my father.
13. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其 中的介词或副词。
We can?t laugh at him.
→He can?t be laugh at by us. 我们不能嘲笑他。
→The radio is listened to by him every day.
他每
He listens to the radio every day. 天都收听广播。
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. nurse.这护士在照顾这个虚弱的男人。
→The sick man is being taken care of by the
虚拟语气
语气是一种动词形式,用以表示说话者的意图或态度。虚拟语气表示所说的话只是一 种主观的愿望、假设或建议等。虚拟语气可以用在非真实条件句、主语从句、宾语从 句、表语从句、同位语从句和定语从句中。
基本句型结构
句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
一、简单句
基本形式:简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其它各种句子形式 都是由此句型发展而来,如五大基本句型:
37.主语 +谓语
这种句型简称为主谓结构,其谓语一般都是不及物动词,例: Things change. 事物是变化的。 Nobody went. 没有人去。
--Did you go by sea ?你们走的是海路吗? --NO ,we flew. 不,我们是飞去。
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14.主语 +连系动词 +表语
这种句型称为主系表结构,其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词,但实质上 表语成了谓语,例:
Mr. Turner is an artist. The milk turned sour.
特纳先生是位画家。 牛奶变酸了。
She became a lawyer. 她当了律师。
15.主语 +谓语 +宾语
这种句型可称为主谓宾结构,它的谓语一般多是及物动词,例: We never beat children. 我们从来不打孩子。 My sister will fix everything.
我姐姐会料理一切。
16.主语 +谓语 +宾语 +宾语
这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构,其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词,两个宾语一 个是间接宾语,一个是直接宾语,例:
He gave the book to his sister. I'll write you a long letter.
他把这本书给了他的妹妹。
我将写给你一封长信。
17.主语 +谓语 +宾语 +宾补
这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构,其补语是宾语补语,与宾语一起即构成复合宾 语,例:
I found the book easy. 我发现这本书不难。 (形容词 easy 作补语) I'll let him go. 我将让他去。 (不定式 go 用作补语)
注意:有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语,甚至并列有两个主语和 两个谓语,这样的句子仍然是简单句,例:
China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly. 家正在迅速地发展。 (China and other countries
并列主语)
each other. 王先生和我常在一起工作
中国和东亚其它国
Mr. Wang and I often work together and help 互相帮助。
It 引导结构
It 既是代词又是引词。作代词时,它可作人称代词、指示代词、非人称代词,用
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于前指、非确指或习语中。作引词时,它本身无实义,只起先行引导的作用。可作形 式主语( it is + adj. + for/of sb. to do sth.
)或形式宾语(
it + adj. + to do sth.
),真实地
主语或宾语是不定式、动名词或名词从句,它们则放在后面。 如想强调某个词或部分, 的强调结构。本章要求了解代词 后指;引词
it 用于强调结构。
It 也用于强调句结构。
可用 it is (was)+ 强调部分 (主语、 宾语或状语) +that(who )?
it 和引词 it 的各种用法,重点掌握
it 用于前指或
二、并列句
两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其 本基结构是 “简单句 +并列连词 +简单句 ”。并列连词有:and,but,or,so 等。并列句是由两个 或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从 属关系,是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。
三、复合句
复合句( Complex Sentence )由一个主句( Principal Clause )和一个或一个以上的 从句( Subordinate Clause )构成。
主句是全句的主体,
通常可以独立存在;
从句则是一个句子成分,
不能独立存在。
从句不能单独成句,但它也有主语部分和谓语部分,就像一个句子一样。所不同 在于,从句须由一个关联词(
connective )引导。
1、名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(
Noun Clauses )。名词性从句的功能相
当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此 根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语 从句和同位语从句。
1)主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词 接代词 what , who , which ,whatever , whoever 以及连接副词
that ,whether ,if 和连 how ,when , where ,
why 等词引导。 that 在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保 留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. Who will win the match is still unknown. It is known to us how he became a writer.
他要跟我们说什么,还不清 。楚
谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
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