微技能一 三种文体的概要写作
概要写作的所给文段主要有议论文、说明文和记叙文，以前两种文体为主。下面主要介绍这三种文体的概要写作的注意事项和写作方法。 一、议论文的概要写作
对于议论文体的阅读材料，在写概要前，应该紧抓住议论文的文体特点、文章结构和三要素，准确捕捉材料的内容要点。议论文的结构形式有“总分”“总分总”“分总”或“并列”等。文章的三要素是：论点、论证、论据，而三要素中最重要的是论点，因此，准确把握文章的论点就显得非常重要。文章的论点往往在文章的首段或尾段，偶尔也在文章的中间。在段落中往往又在首句或尾句，但学生还应特别注意段落中表转折或因果的连词，因为这些词往往会引出文章的论点。
1．议论文概要写作的注意点 (1)找出关键词
任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作关键词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心，一般地说，关键词通常是名词、动词或形容词。 (2)找出主题句
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。 (3)根据关键词和主题句进行改写
根据圈定的关键词和主题句进行改写，用相应的同义词进行替换或进行句型转换，千万不能原封不动地抄写原文。 2．议论文概要的常用开头语 (1)The passage/author argues that... 本文/作者主张……
(2)The passage/author highlights the importance of...本文/作者强调了……的重要性 (3)The passage/author discusses the impact of...
本文/作者讨论了……的影响
(4)The passage/ author compares...with... 本文/作者比较了……与…… 二、说明文的概要写作
此类文章通常会有中心句，往往在首段。写概要时要注意找出中心句，抓住关键词，然后重组文章的信息，用自己的话表述出来。 1．说明文概要写作的类型 文章类型 文章特点 写作模板 “对象＋性质功用＋利好”模板： 事物 说明型 这种说明文最为常见，主要是(In the passage)the writer 描写某事物的性质和功用。 introduces(对象)to us.→性质或功用→对象带来的利好 问题 解决型 针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。 “问题＋解决方法”模板： The passage tells us(问题)→方法1→方法2→方法3 “现象＋原因＋结果”模板： 介绍某现象及其原因和结果。 The author/writer said/talks about(现象)→原因本质1→原因本质2→结果 现象 解释型 2.说明文概要的常用开头语
(1)According to the passage, we can know...根据文章我们可知…… (2)This passage/article is mainly about...这篇文章主要是关于……
(3)In the passage, the writer/author mainly tells us...在这篇文章中作者主要告诉我们……
(4)A new study found...一个新的研究发现……
(5)The purpose of the report is to show...这一报告的目的是表明…… 三、记叙文的概要写作
对记叙文进行概括时，要抓住原文的人物、事件、结果三大要素。有些记叙文的结尾有一个点题句，表达深刻内涵或故事带给人们的启示，在写概要时也需把故事寓意表达出来。
1．记叙文概要的写法——要素串联法 (1)寻词摘句，确定要素
记叙文通常包含时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、经过(how)等六大要素。在阅读时要圈定这些要素。 (2)整合信息，串联要素
列出上述要素和关键词后，需要对其进行整合，把所圈定的要素按一定的逻辑顺序，在整合时要有所取舍，对于有助于揭示主题的主要信息，应该全部概括；而对于主题之外的内容要毫不吝啬地舍弃。 (3)认真审题，注意表达
①确定人称：如果原文是第一人称，在转述时一般要改为第三人称。
②确定时态：记叙文以一般过去时为主。若记叙文中有作者从中得到的“启示”或“意义”等，一般用一般现在时表达。 2．记叙文概要的常用句式 (1)The writer mainly tells us... (2)The author shares his experiences... (3)From the passage, we know that... (4)In the passage... 【即时演练】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world.For example, cars have made the air unhealthy for people to breathe and poisonous gas is given off by factories.Trees on the hills have been cut down and waste water is being poured continuously into rivers.Furthermore, wherever we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed(处理)．
There are different kinds of pollutants, each of which comes from different sources.It is necessary to identify the source of pollution, in order to make a policy to get rid of them.Different products, processes and activities of our industrialized world together form the major source of pollution.
The forms of pollution can be mainly divided into three kinds—solids，liquid and
gas.These pollutants have greatly damaged our planet and continue to do so.In fact，pollution is threatening our existence.The whole ecological balance of the earth is changing.Massive destruction of environment has brought about negative effects and even posed a great threat to man’s existence.
We must face the situation that exists and take action to solve our environmental problems.For instance, new laws must be passed to place strict control over industrial pollution; the public must receive the education about the danger of pollution and raise their awareness of protecting the environment and so on.
The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and our later generations.Fortunately，more and more people have realized these problems.Measures have been taken to deal with these situations by the government.And laws have been passed to stop pollution, I hope the problems will be solved in the near future and our home will become better and better. 【参考范文】
The global environment is becoming worse because of various pollutants related to the industrial world.(要点1)In the forms of gas, solids and liquid, these pollutants are becoming a major threat to the earth and human survival.(要点2)Therefore, we have to face it directly and spare no effort to handle it.(要点3)Luckily, people have been aware of the urgency of environmental protection and the government has taken action to solve these problems, which surely will help make our earth better.(要点4)
高中英语读后续写与概要写作 技能一 三种文体的概要写作
