【定语从句】
【高考考纲解读】
定语从句的用法较为复杂,高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外,还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题,不难发现其考点主要包括:
1. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如: that, which和where, when的区分; that, which和why的区分等。 2. 考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物, 在定语从句中作定语, 后跟名词。指物时, whose+名词=名词+ of which = of which+名词。如:
The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.
3. 考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which,as引导的非限制性定语从句和it,what引导的主语从句的区分。
4. 考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如:
I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.
5. 考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which,不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如:
The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.
6. 考查一些特殊的先行词。如: 当situation, point, case, activity, scene及period, festival, occasion等出现时, 要注意具体情况具体分析; 作主语、宾语和表语时, 用关系代词that/which; 作状语时, 用关系副词where/when或“介词+which”, 表示在某种特定的情形下。
7. 考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。 【命题趋势】
定语从句是历年高考的重点,主要考查常见关系代词和关系副词的用法,比如which/that/as/ when/where的用法及区别性的选择等,及与其他从句如名词性从句的区别等。在高考的中主要体现在语法填空,短文改错,完型填空等中,且完形填空80%每年会出一道题。 【名师指导】
考生在定语从句的学习过程中存在着以下几个问题: 1. 考生不能辨别定语从句的结构;
2. 关系代词与关系副词的选择混乱,不清楚关系代词与关系副词的使用情况; 3. 习惯性以翻译的方式来理解定语从句、同位语从句,而使自己陷入困境之中; 4. 由于对句型结构分析不到位,经常出现代词与关系代词错用的情况。
定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who,whom和whose引导的定语从句
(1)who或whom均可指代人, 但who在从句中作主语或宾语, whom在从句中作宾语; 两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。 作主语时, who/that不可省略; 作宾语时, whom/who/that可以省略。
◆I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.
我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。
◆I have many friends to whom I’m going to send post cards. 我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。 ◆The person I want to talk about with you is Tu Youyou, the one who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015.
我想与你讨论的人是屠呦呦,2015年获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的人。
(2)whose表所属关系, 一般指人,也可指物, 在从句中作定语。 指物时相当于of which; 指人时相当于of whom。
◆The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. 这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生, 放假时商店关门。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 ◆Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution. 汤姆是想出解决方法的唯一工程师。 2.that,which引导的定语从句
(1)which指物, 在从句中可以作主语、宾语,也可作定语,作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可, 在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语, 作宾语时可以省略。
◆She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before. 她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。
(2)限制性定语从句中, 关系代词只用that不用which的情况:
①先行词为不定代词anything, nothing, something, everything, all, some, none, little, few, the one等时。 ◆I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault. 我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。
②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词, 或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 ◆The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
③先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same, any, every, each, few, little, no, some,all等修饰时。 ◆The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert. 这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。
④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
◆They will never forget the things and persons that they’ve seen or heard of during their long journey. 他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。 (3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况: ①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。
◆The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much. 这个男孩离家一个星期了,这使他父母很担心。
②当从句中的介词提前, 构成“介词+关系代词” 结构时。
◆We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。 3.as引导的定语从句
※(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句,常用于“so/such/the same+先行词+as…”结构中。
◆Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 像在我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。
◆(安徽高考)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.
莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖,这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成现实。
(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句, 定语从句说明整个句子, 可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有:as the saying goes, as is said above, as is mentioned above, as often happens, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。
◆She has been absent for the meeting again, as is expected. 她又缺席会议了,这在预料之中。
[典例] (2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River____________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
that/which 解析: 先行词为waters,且引导词在从句中作主语,故填that/which。
单句语法填空
1.(2015·陕西高考)A salesman ____________ is not punctual may not make a sale if he arrives late for an appointment.
2.(全国卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit ____________is driving your family crazy.
3.(2017·福建龙岩质检)Tibet is such a place____________ all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.
4.(2016·江苏高考单项填空)Many young people, most of ____________ were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
2020届高考英语语法专题复习讲义语法专题:定语从句学生版
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