阅读理解话题分类指导专项练习
科普知识类
科普知识类文章的设题一般都以考查文章的细节为主。因此，答题时，只要抓住主要信息，仔细比较题目与原文信息的异同，一般便可以做出正确选择。不过，这类题目的文章往往专业性较强，专业术语多，阅读起来较为困难。但是，这类题目的命题一般都很简单，且生词不会影响考生做题。因此，做题时要学会“跳读”，即要跳过有些不影响做题和理解文章内容的生词，只要抓住核心词句即可。
社会文化类
社会文化类阅读理解的设题一般都是以考查文章的细节为主，兼顾考查考生推理判断的能力。因此，考生答题时要能准确定位，根据试题要求到文章中去寻找相应的答案。做这类题时，考生的英语语言知识和社会常识，都发挥着重要的作用，遇到熟悉的题材时，若对题目把握不准，考生可以在立足文章内容的基础上结合社会常识来解答此类题。
高考英语阅读理解的热点题材主要以中西方文化差异作为选材的重点，比如礼仪、语言、价值观、生活习惯等主题。题材涉及社会、文化、教育、体育等方面的内容。一般一篇文章一个主题，体裁以议论文和记叙文为主。命题方面，既重主旨把握，又重特定细节、推理判断。
对英语语言、社会、文化的了解是一个长期的过程，在复习时要注意： 1．增加英语词汇量、掌握语法和习惯用法
在复习过程中加强对语言基础知识的掌握。普通中学毕业生，应具备2 000～3 500的词汇量，并掌握其词类、意思和基本用法。掌握句子结构和句子成分之间的关系。熟悉固定词组、固定搭配等约定俗成的语法项目。
2．扩大知识面，认真研读历届高考题
从近年的高考题看，阅读内容的社会实用性越来越强，更重视语言和文化的关系，阅读材料会更多地涉及社会文化背景知识。因此，要通过阅读更多地涉及社会文化背景知识的内容，通过阅读丰富自己的知识。同时，要认真研读近五年的高考篇目，增加语言经验，适应选材特点，熟悉题材和体裁，了解设问形式，感悟设问特点。
生态环保类
“人与自然和谐发展”是时代的主题，生态环保的话题也越来越多地出现在新试题中。 考生在平时学习中要有关注热点环保题材的意识，把握环保新潮流，留心相关题材的文章特点，这样在做这类题时才会得心应手。
新闻报道类
2．重视文章的首段、首句。一般来说，根据文章第一段或者仅仅根据第一句话便可知全文的主要内容，如事件、时间、地点、人物等。新闻报道类文章清楚明了地告诉读者when，where，who，what，how等内容。
3．在阅读中要忽略人名、地名，不要被这些专有名词弄乱自己的思路和情绪，但要理清地点的位置及人物之间的关系。
4．做题时要先读问题，再读文章，之后再回归问题。
应用广告类
高考中应用广告类短文贴近学生生活，如学习、旅游、保健、购物、招生、招聘、餐饮、网络交流等。这类短文的特点有以下几点：
(1)篇幅短小，形式灵活，信息量大。无论整篇广告还是数则小广告，都很短小精悍，但其中的信息可能较多甚至较为纷繁。(2)用词和句法简练。广告用词简单，句法以简单句为主，目的是让读者一目了然，很快捕捉到信息。(3)专有名词和缩略词多。广告涉及的商品和活动以及人物等经常以专有名词出现，而时间、地点等经常以缩略词出现。(4)生词多而且没有中文注释。广告领域众多、涉及面广，因此会有生词，但往往不影响阅读。
应用广告类短文的试题多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题，即考查考生对广告具体细节的了解、分析和概括等能力。阅读此类短文需要考生具备较好的skimming(浏览) 和scanning(细查)的阅读技
能，即读得快、理解得准。
1．题干定位法：先阅读题干，然后根据问题按照题目顺序有针对性地结合题干中的关键词到文中定位，阅读相关部分并快速寻找有效信息，再将原文和选项进行比较。当问题与原文材料相同的时候，对号入座；如果问题与原文不同，则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。
2．补全成分法：省略词和省略句在应用文中大量出现。对于影响语境理解的省略情况，应将省略部分补全，从而更加准确地理解其意思。
3．信息再加工法：主要用于词义或句意推测题以及涉及数字转换的推理判断题。需要对原文相关信息作正确理解，并通过推理判断或是计算对信息进行再加工。
实战演练
【社会文化类】
(2019·石家庄重点高中高三摸底)If you ever visit an English village, make sure to look out for morris dancing．Undoubtedly as one of strangest of English culture, morris dancing is a form of folk dancing dates back to the 15th century. If you ever get the opportunity，you really to see it.
Men and women wearing old-fashioned, tattered(破烂的) clothing dance in the street of towns and villages across the country during the holiday periods. Women wear long, frilly(有褶边的) skirts and men wear short trousers with bells attached to them. They dance to traditional folk music which is often played on traditional musical instruments.
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Some groups carry heavy black sticks with which they bash against each other while they dance．Other groups wave handkerchiefs in the air whilst they perform. The dances are usually performed near a pub so that when it’s over, the dancers and audience can sing some traditional folk songs over a pint of beer. The festivities will often continue long into the night, by which point most people are too drunk to think about performing again.
Morris dancing is a great English tradition but it’s facing a big crisis．As the years go by, fewer and fewer young people are joining morris dancing groups. The dancers are getting older and older and eventually, if nothing is done to change this trend, the tradition will die out within the next few decades.
If you’ve ever had the fortune to see morris dancing, you may understand why teenagers aren’t rushing to sign up. Putting it bluntly(直言地), it’s not exactly the coolest thing for an 18-year-old to be doing. Why dress up in bells and funny costumes when you could be going clubbing? Or playing sports? Or doing anything else?
However, it would be a great shame to lose such a fun and energetic part of England’s history and culture. It’s important to look after some traditions and customs especially when it’s something as harmless and happy as morris dancing. So here’s a toast to the next generation of would-be morris dancers! Let’s hope they don’t leave it behind.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种传统的舞蹈以及这种舞蹈在今天面临的现状。 5．What is the article mainly about?
A．The popularity of morris dancing in the UK. B．The origins of morris dancing in the UK.
C．Different attitudes toward morris dancing in the UK. D．Traditions and development of morris dancing in the UK.
D 解析：主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“morris dancing is a form of folk dancing that dates back to the 15th century”可知， 莫里斯舞是一种民间舞蹈，可以追溯到15世纪， 并由此引出文章内容。下文对这种舞蹈进行了介绍， 所以选D。
6．What can we know about morris dancing?
A．Dancers usually wear long dresses with bells attached.
B．People sing traditional folk music while they are dancing. C．Dancers perform with sticks or handkerchiefs in their hands.
D．People prefer to dance till nighttime near pubs and then stop to drink beers.
C 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Some groups carry heavy black sticks with which they bash against each other while they dance．Other groups wave handkerchiefs in the air whilst they perform．”可知， 有些团体举着黑色的棍子，在跳舞的时候互相拍打， 其他团体在表演的时候在空中挥动手帕，所以选C。
7．What is the present situation of morris dancing? A．There is a lack of professional dancers. B．It is losing appeal among young people. C．It is accused of lacking fun and variety. D．Its traditions and customs have been forgotten.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“As the years go by, fewer and fewer young people are joining morris dancing groups．”可知， 随着岁月的流逝，越来越少的年轻人加入莫里斯舞蹈团，所以选B。
8．What does the author think about morris dancing? A．It is a good way for people to stay healthy and positive. B．It is a cultural heritage that deserves more attention. C．It is too old-fashioned and needs to be improved.
D．It is fun and vibrant and every teenager should learn to do it.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“it would be a great shame to lose such a fun and energetic part of England’s history and culture．It’s important to look after some traditions and customs especially when it’s something as harmless and happy as morris dancing”可知， 作者认为莫里斯舞是文化遗产， 值得被关注，故选B。
2020年高考阅读理解话题分类指导专项训练
