Use of English Section I
Directions:
and numbered blank Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
other maps, and Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital
walk us of just navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1 and on batteries, straight into the woods without 2 a phone. But phones you get lost without a phone or a 3 batteries can die faster than we realize. navigate you tricks may 4 help can't find north, a few you compass, and to civilization, one of which is to follow the land. 5
area of 7 When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely this in is downhill, Which you have to answer two questions: land,8
particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly , if you head downhill, and live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 see signs of people.
O you find, you should 10 follow any H2 you before, keep an eye out for familiar sights –If you've explored the arearestore tree can distinctive rock or 11 how quickly identifying a may be your bearings.
: Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. Another 12
13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.
18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.
英语（一）试题 -1-（共 14 页）
B. Most C. Some D. All 1. A. Few D. come C. run B. take 2. A. put D. If B. Until 3. A. Since C. Though
D. relatively B. literally A. formally C. gradually 4. D. next 5. B. away C. back A. around D. off C. across A. onto B. along 6.
D. uncrowded 7. C. unchanged B. unfamiliar A. unattractive D. place B. point A. way C. site 8. D. Besides 9. B. Yet C. So A. Instead
D. intentionally C. unexpectedly B. eventually 10. A. immediately D. confused C. surprised A. frightened 11. B. annoyed D. option C. view 12. A. problem B. result
D. In contrast A. Above all 13. C. On average B. For example D. separate 14. B. avoid C. bridge A. spot D. through B. under A. from 15. C. beyond D. links B. breaks C. shades A. posts 16.
D. limited B. mysterious A. hidden 17. C. artificial
D. Generally 18. B. Consequently A. Finally C. Incidentally D. marks A. memories 19. B. belongings C. notes D. exposeC. restrict A. lead 20. B. adapt
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
英语（一）试题 -2-（共 14 页）
Text 1
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the
bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for
harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. “Short-termism,” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last. The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of
equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies
to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street
Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
英语（一）试题 -3-（共 14 页）
21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to A. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.
B. enhance bankers' sense of responsibility. C. build a new system of financial regulation. D. help corporations achieve larger profits.
22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
A. the solid structure of publicly traded companies. B. governments' impatience in decision-making. C. the conditions for generating quick profits. D. “short-termism” in economic activities.
23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be A. minimal. B. indirect. C. adverse. D. temporary.
24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate A. the approaches to promoting “long-termism.” B. the prevalence of short-term thinking. C. the significance of long-term thinking.
D. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism.”
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives B. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism C. Patience as a Corporate Virtue D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
英语（一）试题 -4-（共 14 页）
Text 2
the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) Grade inflation –in era a consumer often considered a product of is over the past few decades –higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But
talogs called “grade a policy often buried deep in course caanother, related force – is helping raise GPAs.
forgiveness”–Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a
that only one the the highest grade is low grade, and the most recent grade or l GPA.
counts in calculating a student's overalas recent years, practice has accelerated in The
use of this little-known
colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in But college-level courses. their transition to their first year if they struggled in now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less courses retake encouraging students to the grade itself and more about about penalty. big incurring a degree program and graduation without critical to their
“Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar, “we see students subsequent better in a course and do success achieve more because they retake
courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own
needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their better so – retention such as graduation rates and student on success metrics grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that who, at the end of the day, are paying the raises GPAs will likely make students –they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another bill feel –big concern for colleges.
Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding parents and Since students education. consumers' to expectations for higher
expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn or at least appear to be. On this, out graduates who are as qualified as possible –to be aligned.
students' and colleges' incentives seem
英语（一）试题 -5-（共 14 页）
26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation? A. Colleges' neglect of GPAs.
B. The influence of consumer culture. C. Students' indifference to GPAs. D. The change of course catalogs.
27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness? A. To maintain colleges' graduation rates.
B. To increase universities' income from tuition. C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future. D. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.
完整word版2019考研英语一真题及参考答案
