综合英语4册参考答案专升本英语专业

Book IV

Unit 1 Every Person Has the Right to Fail

Ⅴ.Detailed Study of the Text

1. People are generally prone to what is called ―the two-valued orientation‖:

People often tend to adopt such an extreme attitude as to see things in terms of two values only, that is, affirmative and negative, good and bad, right and wrong, hot and cold, love and hate, without allowing for other alternatives.（人们通常倾向于所谓的―双值取向‖的做法。）

be prone to: be apt to, be susceptible to, be liable to, be likely to, be tending to e.g. be ~ to colds an accident-~ person a hurricane-~ zone proneness

He is ~ to be late for work.

I feel rather ~ to agree with you.

Elderly people are ~ to indigestion after rich meals.

2.…when, in fact, infinite degrees of both are possible.:

…when, actually, it is possible to have a spectrum of alternatives in between the two choices.

infinite (a. / n.) ~ patience a discovery of ~ importance the ~ ingenuity of man

Space is ~. the ~ 无限，无穷 the Infinite 上帝 ~ness

3. The word failure cannot be reasonably applied to a complex, living, changing human being:

（用失败者这个词来描述一个复杂的，活生生的且不断变化的人不能说是明智的。） It is rather arbitrary to label a person as a failure for he is not dead but constantly changing and developing. As known to all, a person has many sides. He may fail in one aspect at one time and succeed at others. For instance, a student can fail the exam in mathematics but excel in English. He may flunk the mid-term exam; yet, he can come out of the final exam with flying colors. Hence, the statement ― I have failed three times‖ is not the equivalent for the statement ― I am a failure‘. The difference lies in the fact that the former puts emphasis on some specific cases while the latter bespeaks a total negation of oneself in absolutely pessimistic terms.

4. Obviously no one can be a whiz at everything.: Clearly nobody can be expert in everything. That is to say, man is not perfect and is likely to make errors in life. Just as Alexander Pope, a famous poet in the 18th century, once said, ―To err is human; to forgive, divine.‖ whiz: (v/n.) (infml.) a person who is expert at a particular activity

e.g. a ~ in the water a management ~ a ~ at football ~ kid （口）神童，优等生，有为青年， 杰出人才 Jean‘s really a ~ at bowling.

5. Success in one area often precludes success in another.:

Success in one area often makes it possible for one to succeed in other fields.

preclude: (v.) make impossible, to prevent the presence, existence, or occurrence of

e.g. The adoption of one choice often ~s the use of another. The heavy snow ~d me from attending the meeting.

(n.) preclusion (a.) preclusive Sin is ~ of happiness.

6.The danger of too early success is particularly acute whenever a child demonstrates special talent.: The danger to achieve a too early success is particularly serious whenever a child

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displays a special ability to do something, because early success can otherwise deprive him/her of the very things that a child normally enjoys such as playing, bicycling, fooling around, etc. （每当孩子显露出特殊才能的时候，过早成功的危险就尤为严重。）

acute: (adj.) extremely severe, crucial, intense. Used to emphasize the severity or intensity of an unpleasant situation or feeling

e.g. She had an ~ headache.

With ~ anxiety they awaited the result.

7.…and the rest of us envied her glamorous life.:

We all felt jealous of her life, full of excitement and adventure. glamorous: (adj.) fascinating, charming, exciting

e.g. a ~ job a ~ girl She was a ~ movie star of the 1930‘s.

8.I never prepared myself for anything but the ice, …:

I never did or learned something else to get myself ready for life except skating. anything but: 单单除…之外，恰恰不；根本不，决不，远非

e.g. He‘ll do ~ that. Bob is ~ a musician.

9.…and it‘s been downhill ever since.:

Since then I‘ve been on the decline in my career.

downhill (adv./n./a.) e.g. Prices moved ~. He won the final men‘s ~. （滑降） The once-fashionable neighborhood has slid ~. a ~ battle 越打越糟的仗 （口）不难的，不费力的 They have solved the biggest problems and the rest was ~. ~ of life 后半生 ~er 滑降运动员，快速下降滑雪运动运动员 10. … no one tells how to fail so that failure becomes a growing experience.:

… nobody tells us how to deal with failure and turn it to our advantage by learning

something from failure.

11. … is part of the human condition…: …is necessary/basic to human life 12. observe: (v.) (fml) remark, comment, say, state e.g. She ~d that we were already late.

I would only ~ that he is well qualified for the post.

13. alike (ad./a) equally, identically, in the same manner, form or degree

e.g. From the highest commander down to the rank and file, these men eat and dress ~.

The book is agreeable and instructive ~. （既…又…） All music is ~ to him. ~ness (n.)

14. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it.: But failure can also benefit your life when you learn a lesson from it and turn it at your service. 15. don‘t be shy about inquiring: don‘t hesitate to ask others for advice

be shy (of): hesitant, wary e.g. Don‘t be ~ of telling what you think. I am ~ of saying too much on this delicate subject.

16. Failure is a better teacher than success since success always encourages repetition of old behavior whereas failure can prompt fresh thinking, a change of direction.:

A person can learn more from failure than from success because the latter always urges him to do things in the same way as before while the former is more stimulating and thought-provoking. （与成功相比，失败是更好的老师。因为成功总是鼓励人们重复以往的行为，而失败却能激发新的思维，促使人们调整目标。） prompt: (v.) stimulate, motivate, inspire, occasion, provoke

~ somebody to do something ~somebody‘s memory 勾起某人的回忆 (a.) He is ~ on the job. （他干这活敏捷利索。）

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She was ~ to dismiss any suspicions I might have had. We‘ll give you a ~ yes or no on whatever you require. (ad.) start at 7 o‘clock ~ （准时/正） I wanted to finish ~ on twelve. (n.) ~ = ~ness

17. Would further training help?: Is it possible for me to join the ballet company if I have more training in ballet?

18. You haven‘t the body for it.: You don‘t have the necessary physical qualifications for being a ballet dancer.

Similar expressions: have an eye/ear for… have a (good/acute…) head/nose for… 19. My friend put away her toe shoes and moved into dance therapy,…:

My friend gave up the idea of becoming a professional ballet dancer. Instead, she took up the job of teaching patients dance skills. family therapy （心）（把家庭视为功能单位以两个以上的家庭成员作为心理治疗对象的）家庭治疗 therapist（特定治疗法的）治疗专家 a speech therapist 语言治疗专家 a physical therapist 理疗法专家 20. Oddly enough, failure often brings with it a peculiar kind of freedom.:

It is strange enough that a special kind of freedom often comes with failure. (or: Failure often produces a special kind of freedom.) This sounds a bit paradoxical. However, when one fails to do something the first time, he may feel terrible. But soon he adjusts himself to this new situation. Since he has nothing to keep up, he has no fear to lose it. Thus he is free in mind and enthusiastic about new things and fresh ways of doing things and is inclined to try different things in different ways until he makes it. It is true that failure is discouraging and frustrating and it occurs now and then. Fortunately people can always survive it, feeling relaxed and unrestricted. Before long they become more than eager to plunge into a new life and a new pursuit of possibilities.

21. Who cares about the second dent or the third?: No one is concerned very much with more damages done to the car after it has got one already. Or: No one will take to his heart further damages done to the car after the first one. (This is a rhetorical question which is asked to imply a definite answer.)

22. Failure frees one to take risks because there‘s less to lose.: Failure sets one free from any restrictions and bondage, since there is nothing more for one to lose in this condition, he has no more fear to lose anything. In this sense, he is free to choose and to take risks. If he fails, nothing will be lost. If he wins, so much the better. （失败使人自由地去冒险，因为这不会使他/她损失什么。）

23. Often, there is a renewal of energy, an awareness of new possibilities.: Very often, failure helps stimulate a person the other way round to go at difficulties and problems with a new spirit and renders him more keen on exploring new possibilities in life.（通常，会产生一种新的活力，意识到新的可能性。）

24. Faced, absorbed and accepted, failure contributes to personal growth and leads to improved personal relationships, too.: If we are able to confront, to withstand and to accept failure, we will become more mature, more understanding, more tolerant and more tactful to handle our relationships with people.（假如我们能正视，承受，并接受失败的话，失败不仅有助于个人的成长，而且还增进人际关系。） absorb: (v.) withstand ~ changes ~ a blow

25. The officially ―successful‖ person remains closed off and self-protective, but failure

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allows one to reveal simple human weakness.: The person who is considered successful by society keeps himself isolated from people and acts defensively. This is simply because he is afraid of losing what he has already achieved. This fear makes him lonely, careful, defensive, cold, and even suspicious, while failure exposes a person to the awareness of his own weakness and the real situation he is in.（一个被公认的―成功‖者往往是自我封闭，自我保护的，但失败却让人普通的弱点暴露无遗。）

close off: shut off, separate, isolate

e.g. The damage would cause the road to be closed off for hour.

They lived in a castle in which most of the rooms were permanently closed off.

26. A women who recently ended what seemed like a perfect marriage says that her friendships have a new closeness and warmth since her divorce.: Perfect as her marriage seems in the eyes of others, a woman recently put an end to it. She says that after the divorce she feels a new closeness and warmth in her relationships with others. That is to say, her failure in marriage teaches her to view life in a different and new way. She becomes human, sympathetic and understanding. There is a sudden increase of need to share her experience with others.

27. Now I can let it all hang out.:（现在我变得轻松自在，无忧无虑。）

let it all hang out: relax completely and have a good time without worrying about hiding emotions or behaving politely; (an informal expression used mainly in AE.) hang out: The police know where the thieves ~.（出没于…） Don‘t ~ with that guy any longer.（闲荡/厮混/鬼混） We hung out until help came.（坚持/持续/拖延）

28. I used to be put off by your superwoman act.: In the past, I was often kept away by your discouraging behavior for feeling inferior (for you were so extraordinary and capable.) （过去我常常为你女超人的行为而感到难以与你接近。）

put off: to discourage someone from liking someone or something

e.g. The smell put me off my food.

Don‘t be ~ by his appearance ; he‘s actually quite a charming person.

29. There is what might be called the noble failure---the special heroism of aiming high, doing your best and then, when that proves to be not enough, moving bravely on.:

What the author means by the noble failure is that human beings tend to aspire high for the impossible things in life, even though they know from the very beginning that it is beyond them to reach the goals. Still, they will keep head on and go all out to make them real. This is what the author called the special heroism, because they know they are destined to fail. Yet, they will not give in under any circumstances. In this sense, human beings are tragic in that they can never fully achieve what they aspire for; on the other hand, they are great and heroic because they will never give up their high aspiration in life. They are invincible. The search for the impossible accounts for both man‘s greatness and tragedy. (The phrase ―the noble failure‖ is probably coined after ―the noble savage‖. The concept or title ―the noble savage‖ connotes the exemplar of primitive goodness, dignity and nobility uncorrupted by the evil effects of civilization. （有可以被称之为―高尚的失败‖言，即那种设定崇高的目标，但在竭尽全力后不能达到目标时仍旧勇往直前的行为所展现出的独特的英雄主义） 29. Horsemanship 骑术，马术

~ship: ① 表示―身份‖，―地位‖，―资格‖，―职业‖：authorship, governorship, apprenticeship

② 表示―情况‖，―性质‖，―状态‖： hardship, friendship, partnership

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③ 表示―技能‖，―技巧‖，―权力‖： horsemanship, leadership, dictatorship ④ 表示―…之间的关系‖： fellowship ⑤ 表示―…的（人）数： readership

VII. Key to Exercises.

STUDY and Practice Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure

A. Words and expressions for use:

1. prone 2. contributions 3. observed 4. triumph 5. precludes 6.applies 7. demonstrated 8.promotions 9. has prepared herself for 10. impulse B. Structures for use:

a. 1.…as if she had won the grand prize.

2.…as if he had come out of a painting by Xu Beihong. 3.…as if you were the only pebble on the beach. 4.…as if it has plum in it.

5. …as if it is made of cotton. 6….as if they know each other.

b. 1. Given acupuncture treatment for some more time,… 2. Given enough time,…

3. Added to steel, chromium… 4. Left undisturbed, pumas… 5. Exposed to the air, iron…

6. Divorced from life, no artistic creation…

GRAMMAR PRACTICE

Ⅰ.Rewrite the following sentences…

1. It is possible that she will…

2. It is easy to know… but it is difficult to apply…

3. It is more important to prevent diseases than to cure them. 4. It is known that he is…

5. It has not been easy to produce the semi-conductor. 6. It appears that you know…

7. It wouldn‘t be any good trying…

Ⅱ.Complete each of the following sentences…

1. … to have been singled out to represent the school at the celebration ceremony. 2. … to complete the project. 3.… climbing all these steps.

4.… hearing your voice on a tape recorder. 5.… being kept waiting like that. 6.… that you all know this.

7.… that the drought in Kansas has become less serious.

8.… that as much as one-fourth of all timber harvested is not used. Ⅱ.Proofreading

1. look at ourselves 2. about his own 3. try to be so 4. tends to accept 5. as being the normal 6. different from

7. unfortunately 8. often a distorted one 9. in favor of 10.learning

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