专业资料
（主动关系） （被动关系） Not understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher to explain the word.
（表原因：understanding与句子主语he之间是主动关系，同谓语动词asked同时发生） Having made a decision, they immediately set out to work.
（表时间：make a decision与句子主语之间是主动关系且发生于谓语动词set out之前） Having been experimented many times, this new product will be put into mass production. 由于这一新产品已实验过多次，不久将投入批量生产。
（表原因：experimented与主语product为被动关系，且先于谓语动词put之前发生） 词作上述状语时，它的位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主语之后。 例：They, having made a decision, set out to work.
选择：The research is so designed that once_____nothing can be done to change it. （02全国）
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
本题考查状语从句的省略，难度较大。若时间、原因、条件和让步状语从句的主语与主句主语相同，且从句部分有be时，可省略从句主语及be。省略后的形式如下： (1) when（while, until, once, as, if, though等）+ doing 从句谓语动词与主语为主动关系 (2) when（while, until, once, as, if, though等）+ done从句谓语动词与主语为被动关系 表示“某一事件的开始”，begin既可用主动态，也可以用被动态。状语从句表达形式： （1）Once it beings。这种形式，不具备省略条件。
（2）Once it is begun。具备省略条件（有be）。省略后的形式为：Once begun。
所以本题选D。
b）分词作伴随状语时, 其形式为：（1）doing（2）done。究竟用现在分词还是过去分词，取决于该动作与句子主语是主动还是被动关系
“We can’t going out in this weather,” said Bob, looking out of the window.（04重庆） The boy sat in the dark room, frightened and trembling. 男孩一个人做在黑洞洞的房间里，吓得浑身发抖。
注意：作伴随状语的分词，与谓语动作同时。这是判断一个动词是否作伴随状语的主要尺度。
请注意下列固定短语在作状语时的表达形式：
Generally speaking 一般地说 Strictly speaking 从严格意义上说 Judging from / by … 根据…判断 Given / Allowing for 考虑到
Given their inexperience, they have done a good job. 在缺少经验的情况下，他们的工作算是做得不错。
4．不定式用作表目的，结果，方式和形容词原因状语 1）目的
To win over the undecided voters, they are working twice as hard. 为了把尚未拿定主意的选民争取过来，他们正在加倍努力工作。
He got up early not to miss the first bus.（not to也可用so as not to或in order not to这一强
word完美格式
专业资料
调形式） 2）结果
不定式作结果状语，常见结构有： too adj / adv to do ; too adj + a + n to do so adj / adv as to do ; such + n as to do The boy is too young to dress himself.
He was too shrewd（精明的）a businessman to accept our offer. 他是个非常精明的商人，不会接受我们的开价。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio ? 请把收音机开小一点。 He can’t have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting so long. 他不可能做出这样糟糕的事，让你等这么长的时间。
注意：表示一种事先没有预料的结果，用不定式。不定式前可用only来加强意想不到的
语气。如：(04福建卷)The news reporters hurried to the airport ,only to be told the film stars had left. 然而，要表示在事情发展过程中必然会产生的结果，就要用分词来表达。分词前可加thus, 加强必然的语气。The new machine will work twice as fast, thus greatly reducing costs. 新机器的运转速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。 3）方式状语
结构： S（人，物）be + adj to do
特点（1）句子的主语在逻辑关系上为不定式动作的宾语
（2）形容词为：easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, dangerous等。
1.Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn. 有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很讨厌。
2.The telephone number is easy to remember. 他的电话号码很难记。 3.That man is difficult to deal with. 那个人很难对付。 4.The river is dangerous to swim in. 注意：以上句子，尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被动关系，但只能用主动形式；若不
定式动词为不及物，应加上适当介词，如例4。
4）形容词原因状语。这类形容词通常是表示情感或评价行为表现的形容词。 I am shocked to hear the news of his sudden death.
You were silly not to have locked your car. (04湖南)
第五节、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。 ．．．．． 英语中有相当一批动词必须以不定式作宾语补充语。 My parents don’t allow me to stay out late. She waited impatiently for him to make up his mind. 这些动词和短语为：
wish, want, ask, require / request（要求）；order, warn（警告）
word完美格式
专业资料
allow / permit, forbid（禁止）, expect, remind（提醒），encourage, inspire（激励） call on（号召，要求），depend on, long for sb. to do（渴望） 请特别记住下列动词的宾补形式，表达的意义及判断的依据。 do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。 1．make（使）+ O + C
done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。 to do 主语与不定式动作为主动关系。 S + be made done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。
注：句型“O”代表宾语，为名词或代词；“C”代表宾补。
例：Those who won’t work should be made to work. 那些不愿工作的人应强制他们去工作。
He couldn’t make himself heard. 他无法让别人听到他说的话。 2．Keep（leave）+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。 （使……处于某种状态） done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。 doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。 S + be + kept（left） done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。 例：Now students are kept burying themselves in books all day. 现在的学生被迫整天埋头读书。
His work was left undone. 他丢下工作不去干。
3． doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。 find（发现）+ O + C done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。 doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系。 S + be +found
done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。
例：（03全国）A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. 4． doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系 with + O + C done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系 to do（动作未发生）
例：1.He lay on the grassland with his jacket covering his stomach. 他躺在草地上，把上衣盖在肚子上。
2.With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. （02上海春季）由于很多棘手的问题要解决，那为新当选的总统处境艰难。 5．catch sb. doing ; be caught doing 该句型表示（偶然或突然）撞见、发现。
例：He looked around and caught a man putting his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
word完美格式
专业资料
（04北京春季）他向四周看，突然发现一个人把手伸进一个旅客的口袋
6． do 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某人做某事。
have（使）+ O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某一动作一直在进行。 done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。
(表示：1)让某事由别人做。2)表达主语的遭遇。） 例: 1.Whom would you like to have handle the complication problem?
2. Paul had his hand burned seriously while cooking dinner. 保罗在做饭时，手被严重烫伤。
7． to do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。Get sb to do = have sb. do。 get（使）+ O + C
done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。get sth done = have sth. done。 例：You’ll never get her to agree. When are going to get your hair cut ?
8．感官动词hear, listen to, see, look at, notice, watch, observe, feel等。
do 宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作全过程已结束，或经常性发生。 hear + O + C doing 宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作正在进行。 done 宾语与宾补动作是被动关系。
to do主语与不定式动作为主动关系。该动作全过程已结束或经常发生 S + be +heard doing主语与分词动作为主动关系。该动作正在进行。 done 主语与分词动作为被动关系。
例：He has never heard her sing so well before.
I didn’t notice you carrying a pack when you came in.
Never before had he felt himself so powerfully attracted to the scientific idea. 改错：
1）Now more talented young people are hoped to go to work in Western China. A B C D 2）I demand you all to take your work quite seriously. A B C D
3）His appearance immediately made all the children becoming excited. A B C D 4）This song has never been heard to be sung so well. A B C D
5）With much work remained to be done, we have to put off the trip until next week. A B C D
答案：1）B错 are hoped → are wished hope sb. to do典型病句 2）B错 to take →（should）take
demand句型：1）demand to do 2）demand that (should)do
word完美格式
专业资料
3）C错 becoming → become 现在分词doing不能做make的宾补。
4）C错 to be sung → sung
5）B错 remained → remaining。 remain “剩下”是不及物动词，只有主动
形式。
注意：以上动词的宾补形式的考查是高考的重点和难点。
第六节、非谓语动词作定语
1．不定式作定语
在三种情况下需用不定式作定语：
1）动作未发生，被修饰的名词在逻辑关系上是不定式动作的宾语。不定式用主动形式
还是被动形式，由句子的主语与不定式的逻辑关系决定。 It seems to me that I have nothing to take home to my children. 在我看来今天我们没有东西可以带给孩子了
She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role to play in making the earth a better place to live．（03上海春季）她会告诉我们为什么她强烈地认为在使地球成为更好住处这一点上，我们每个人都有可以发挥的作用。 若作定语的不定式动词为不及物动词，需加适合介词。如：
Now I feel very lonely because I can’t find anyone to talk with. 2）被修饰的词为抽象名词，如need, way, reason, right等，不定式解释其内容。 There is no need to quarrel with him. Please give your reason to refuse him.
3）被修饰的词，其前有序数词first, second, last, only作定语。 He is always the first（one）to get to school every day.
She was the only one to survive in the air crash. 她是这次空难中唯一的幸存者。 2．分词作定语
以下情况常用分词作定语：
1）被修饰名词与作定语的动词为主动关系，该动作正在进行，或与谓语动作同时进行，
或是经常性行为时，用现在分词。
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door reading“sorry to miss you; will call later.”（99全国）
现在分词作定语在意义上相当于一个时态为进行时或一般时的定语从句。
reading“sorry to miss you; will call later.”= which read “sorry to miss you; will call later.” 2）若被修饰的名词与作定语的动词为被动关系，动词采用以下三种形式： a）动作已发生或为经常性行为，用done。b）若动作正在进行用being done。 c）动作未发生，用to be done。
例1：Many things impossible in the past are common today.
A．considering B．to consider C．considered D．being considered 2：People are talking about the play in two days at the theatre.
word完美格式
（完整word版）高中英语语法归纳总结
