We have read many novels written by this author.
(= that are written by this author) 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。 Half of the honored guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. (= who had been invited to the reception)
被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. (= which was attended by one thousand students)
这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。
A woman dressed like a lawyer came in and took her seat as judge. (= who was dressed like a lawyer)
一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。 v-ing 和v-ed形式作定语的区别
1．及物动词的-ing形式作定语表示与被修饰名词是主动关系，及物动词的-ed 形式表示与被修饰名词是被动关系。
The group called Green Hand is trying to help the environment.
The group calling itself Green Hand is trying to help the environment.
2．不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行，而v-ed形式表示动作已完成。
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 the risen sun 升起了的太阳 boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 开水 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 fallen leaves 落叶 changing condition 变化着的情况 changed condition 改变了的情况 developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家 不及物动词－ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。
an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped 逃犯 a retired worker = a worker who has retired 退休工人 a newly arrived guest = a guest who has just arrived 新来的客人 As adverbs v-ing形式作状语
动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，其动作执行者与句子主语是主动一致。在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. (= After we have made full preparations...) 2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. (= Since he was ill...) 3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. (= and left him a lot of money.) 4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons...
5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. = Although they knew all this...
6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. = ...and stared at the sky for a long time v-ed形式作状语
动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。但其动作执行者与句子主语是被动一致。 1 动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. (= When the city is seen from the tower...)
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. (= After he was completely examined...)
有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when, while等来强调时间概念。
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Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time. 一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。 2 动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. (= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. (= As it was written in haste ...) Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. (= Because we were excited by...)
3 动词-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。
Heated, water changes into steam. (= If water is heated...)
Given more time, he would be able to do better. (= If he was given more time ...) Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. (= If she was compared with other professors...)
4 动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. (= Although they were exhausted by the running ...) Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. (= Even if he was laughed by ...)
为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。
Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. Unless invited, he will not come back to the company.
5 动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (= and he was surrounded …)
He went into the office, followed by some children. (= and he was followed by some children) Language Points 1. head v. to go in a particular direction 走向，往某地出发 1）I was heading out of the room when she called me back. 2）He headed straight for (= went towards) the fridge.
3）I think we ought to head back/home (= return to where we started) now, before it gets too dark.
2. They have done so in the hope that people will take notice of the problems caused by
poisonous smoke and gas from cars. 1). In the hope of :怀着……希望
I haven’t phoned you till four o'clock in the hope that you'd be finished. 2). take notice (of): 注意
to give attention to something:
I asked him to drive more slowly, but he didn't take any notice.
Don't take any notice of/Take no notice of what your mother says — she's just in a bad mood.
3. It was an A+, which was beyond my modest expectations. beyond prep., adv.
1). outside or after (a stated limit):
(1)Few people live beyond the age of a hundred.
(2)We cannot allow the work to continue beyond the end of the year.
(3)His thoughtlessness is beyond belief (= is so great that it is impossible to believe)
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2). If sth. is beyond you, you are unable to understand it: I'm afraid physics is completely beyond me.
Task Language Points 1. The storms washed away soil along the road and part of the road is still under repair. (P59) wash sth. away
If water or rain washes sth. away, it removes it or carries it away:
The blood on the pavement had been washed away by the rain overnight. under repair being repaired
The house is under repair now, so we have to rent one to live in for a while. 相关：under discussion 在讨论中 under consideration 在考虑中 under construction 在建设中
2. remind
v. [T] to make someone aware of sth. they have forgotten or might have forgotten: [+ to infinitive] Please remind me to post this letter.
[+ (that)] I rang Jill and reminded her (that) the conference had been cancelled.
remind you of sth./sb. to be similar to, and make you think of, sth. or someone else:使人想起…… Your hair and eyes remind me of your mother.
Project
Language Points 1. The number of road accidents and the deaths arising from those accidents has increased greatly over the past year. (P62) arise
v. [I] (arose, arisen) to happen:
Should the opportunity arise, I'd love to go to China.
Could you work on Saturday, should the need arise (= if it were to be necessary)? Are there any matters arising from (= caused by) the last meeting?
2. This notice is aimed at increasing people’s awareness of the problem because it has
become quite extreme. (P62) aim at sth.
to plan, hope / intend to achieve sth.: The talks are aiming at a compromise.
[+ doing ] The government's campaign is aimed at influencing public opinion. aware adj.
knowing that sth. exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing: [+ that] I wasn't even aware that he was ill.
She was well (= very) aware that he was married . Were you aware of the risks at the time?
I suddenly became aware of (= started to notice) him looking at me.
\awareness n. [U]
Public awareness of the problem will make politicians take it seriously. Environmental awareness has increased dramatically over the past decade.
3. We must all be aware of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them.
(P 62) potential adj.
possible when the necessary conditions exist:
1) A number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the company.
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2) Many potential customers are waiting for a fall in prices before buying.
3) The accident is a grim reminder of the potential dangers involved in North Sea oil production
4. Many drivers are aggressive and push into other lanes of traffic or overtake other cars.
(P62)
aggressive adj.
1) behaving in an angry and violent way towards another person: Men tend to be more aggressive than women.
If I criticize him, he gets aggressive and starts shouting.
2) determined to win or succeed and using forceful action to achieve victory or success: an aggressive election campaign aggressive marketing tactics
overtake v. (overtook, overtaken)
vt. to go beyond sth. by being a greater amount or degree: Our US sales have now overtaken our sales in Europe.
We'd planned to hold a meeting tomorrow, but events have overtaken us (= things have changed). 2) vt./vi. to come from behind another vehicle or a person and move in front of it: Always check your rear view mirror before you overtake (another car).
5. Recently the number of people fined for speaking on their mobile phones while driving has
increased by 30 percent. (P62) fine n.c.
an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law: The maximum penalty for the offence is a $1000 fine. If found guilty, he faces six months in jail and a heavy (= severe) fine. vt.
Drivers who exceed the speed limit can expect to be fined heavily. [+ two objects] They fined him $100 for using threatening behavior.
6. If you drive after you have consumed alcoholic drinks, you are violating the law and risking
your own life as well as the lives of others. (P62) consume vt.
1) to use fuel, energy or time, especially in large amounts:
Our high living standards cause our present population to consume 25 percent of the world's oil. 2) FORMAL to eat or drink, especially a lot of sth.: He consumes vast quantities of chips with every meal.
7. violate vt.
to break or act against sth., especially a law, agreement, principle or sth. that should be treated with respect:
They were charged with violating federal law.
8. risk
vt.1) to do sth. although there is a chance of a bad result: ---\ ---\
[+ doing] He risked losing his house when his company went bankrupt.
2) If you risk sth. important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it:
He risked life and limb to get the cat down from the tree. She was prepared to risk everything on a last throw of the dice.
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牛津英语模块七第四单元所有知识点详解11
