Unit 4 Public transport
Welcome to the unit Language Points drop off phr v to begin to sleep
She kept dropping off at her desk. I must have dropped off to sleep . drop sb/sth?off
to take someone or something to a place by car and leave them there on your way to another place
I'll drop you off on my way home. to fall to a lower level or amount
The number of graduates going into teaching has dropped off sharply.
Reading Part A 1.In 1863 2.Because it linked with other lines at almost every station, making the system more user-friendly.
3.He is the architect that designed many of the stations between 1918 and 1938. Many of the stations are still in use today. Part C1 1. Most railway tracks did not go into the
London city centre, so buses were required. This increased traffic on the road. The underground system transported more people without increasing traffic on the road.
2. The carriages did not have windows and
were pulled by steam engines through narrow tunnels.
3. He bought many of the different lines and
set up the Underground Group.
4. It has functioned as a bomb shelter, an
aeroplane factory, anti-aircraft centre, meeting rooms for the government administration.
5. More lines were added because more
people traveled on the underground.
6. It means that many of the lines are linked
at many stations. Therefore, it is very convenient for riders to go to different places in the city from any station.
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Part C2 Date Event 1854 An underground railway was decided to be built 1863 The first tunnels were opened 1868 The next section of the underground system was opened 1884 The underground service was provided in the middle of the city 1933 A public organization was created 1918-1938 London transport was expanded
After 1945 More people traveled on the underground and more lines were added 1977 The last line was added Language Points 1. distant (Line5) adj. far away
in the distant past/future: far away in the past or future:
distance n. [C or U] the amount of space between two places: He travels quite a distance (= a long way) to work every day. Does she live within walking distance of her parents? 1. boundary
n. -- the edge (Line5)
The mountain becomes the national ~ for both countries. The fence serves as a ~ between the two buildings. the boundaries of knowledge 2. historic
adj. -- having importance in or influence on history (Line 6)
11 November 1918 is a ~ day as it represents the end of World War I.
Can you tell me when the ~ meeting between the two great leaders was held? This building is of ~importance. historic / historical: Historic and historical are differentiated in usage, though their senses overlap. Historic refers to what is important in history:
the historic first voyage to outer space
It is also used of what is famous or interesting because of its association with persons or events in history:
a historic house
Historical refers to whatever existed in the past, whether regarded as important or not: a historical character
Historical refers also to anything concerned with history or the study of the past: a historical novel historical discoveries
The differentiation between the words is not complete. They are often used interchangeably: historic times or historical times 3. choke (Line8)
n. [C] v. 窒息；堵塞；阻塞
1). The child swallowed a pen and chocked to death. 2). The roads to the coast were choked with traffic. 3). At lunchtime the streets were choked with traffic. 4). Children can choke on peanuts. 引申: chock back 忍住，抑制 chock up 因激动等说不出话来 4. link (Line21)
v. [T] to make a connection between two or more people, things or ideas:
1) The explosions are not thought to be linked in any way.
? link up: to form a connection, especially in order to work or operate together:
2)The organization's aim is to link up people from all over the country who are suffering from the disease.
3)They linked up two areas by telephone.
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用法拓展:be connected with 与……相接，和……有联系 5. place (Line 36)
v. --to be in a state or situation
1) She placed a tape recorder in front of her on the table.
2) His uncooperative attitude placed us in an embarrassing situation.
3) This job places great demands on the workers, which can be quite stressful. 6. be responsible for (L39) be in charge of
1)The driver is responsible for the passengers’ safety.
2) Philip is the project manager. He is responsible for anything concerning the project. 3) Who is responsible for making the dinner reservation? 7. function as (L42) serve as
1) My living room also functions as a study.
2) The room functioned as a store room for keeping all our collection. 3) The beautiful leaf functioned as a bookmark 8. honor (L51)
a quality that combines respect, pride and honesty: a man of honor
We fought for the honor of our country.
n. [C] a reward, prize or title that publicly expresses admiration or respect:
She received an honor for her services to the community.
in honor of sb./ sth. in order to celebrate or show great respect for someone or sth.: a banquet in honor of the president 9. permit (L57)
v. -tt- [T] to allow sth.:
The regulations do not permit much flexibility.
[+do ing] The prison authorities permit visiting only once a month.
[+ object + to infinitive] The security system will not permit you to enter without the correct password. 10. beneath
preposition (formal)
in or to a lower position than sb/sth; under sb/sth:
They found the body buried beneath a pile of leaves. ◆ The boat sank beneath the waves. not good enough for sb: He considers such jobs beneath him.
◆ They thought she had married beneath her (= married a man of lower social status). ?UNDER
beneath adverb: Her careful make-up hid the signs of age beneath. 11. order n. [U] 顺序
in order of: 以……的顺序 out of order：杂乱无序
The children lined up in order of age/height.
I can't find the file I need because they're all out of order (= they are no longer arranged in the correct way).
Put the files in alphabetical order. 12. discount
n. [C] a reduction in the usual price:折扣
They usually give you a discount if you buy multiple copies. They offer a 10 percent discount on rail travel for students. at a discount
(a) at a reduced price 打折扣; 减价.
(b) (fig 比喻) not highly valued; unfashionable 不受重视的; 不时兴的:
Concern for others seems to be at (something of) a discount today. 如今好像不兴关心别人了.
Word Power
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Language Points 1. rely on sb./sth. 1) 依靠，依赖
[+ ing form of verb] The success of this project relies on everyone making an effort. [+ to infinitive] I'm relying on the garage to fix the car by tomorrow.
2) to trust someone or sth. or to expect them to behave in a particular way指望，期待 British weather can never be relied on - it's always changing.
[+ ing form of verb] Don't rely on finding me here when you get back (= I might have gone).
Grammar Participles 分词分为现在分词和过去分词，具有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中作定语、补足语、表语或状语。其否定形式是直接在前面加not。分词的基本情况如下表所示： 类别 主动语态 被动语态 时间意义 语态意义 现一般式 Doing Being done 与谓语动词同时 根据语态形式， 在 或几乎同时发生 主动或被动意义 分完成式 Having done Having been done 发生在谓语动词之前 根据语态形式， 词 主动或被动意义 过去分词 done 无 表示动作完成 被动意义
I. 分词的构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词构成为V+ing, 过去分词构成为V+ed。分词也有一般式、过去式、完成式及主动和被动等各种形式。 II. 现在分词和过去分词的区别
1. 在时态上，现在分词表示正在进行，而过去分词表示已经完成。 Developing countries 发展中国家 The developed countries 发达国家 Boiling water 沸腾的水 Boiled water 开水
2. 在语态上，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。 The oppressing class 压迫阶级 The oppressed class 被压迫阶级 Burning fire 燃烧的火焰 Burned skin 烧伤的皮肤 III. 分词的时态与语态 1. 一般式（主动、被动）
分词的一般式的主动式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。其被动式表示这个动作正在发生或与谓语动作同时发生，主要作定语、状语或宾补。
When I entered the room, I found him reading. 当我进入房间时，我发现他在读书。 I found the flowers watered. 我发现花已浇过了。
The building being repaired is a hospital. 正在修建的建筑物是一家医院。 He found the matter being talked everywhere. 他发现到处都在谈论这件事。
Being surrounded, the enemy were forced to put down their guns. 敌人被包围，不得不缴械投降。
2. 完成式（主动、被动）
分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。完成时态的分词在句中常作状语，一般不作定语。
Not having made adequate preparation, we postponed the sports meet. 由于没做好充分的准备，我们推迟了运动会。
Having been given such a good chance, how could he give it up? 给了这样好的机会，他怎能放弃呢？ 3. 现在分词的被动式与过去分词的区别 过去分词表示动作已完成，不强调时间概念，而现在分词的被动式强调某一动作正在进行中。 The building repaired is library. 修建过的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。
The building being repaired is our library. 正在修建的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。 4. 延续性动词和终止性动词的现在分词在时间含义上的区别
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延续性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个过去进行时时态的句子，而终止性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个一般过去时的从句。
Walking in the street the other day (=While I was walking in the street the other day), I came across an old friend of mine. 那天我在马路上走时，突然碰到了我的一个老朋友。 Arriving at the airport (=When I arrived at the airport), I found my light had taken off. 到达机场时，我发现我的班机已经起飞了。 IV. 分词的独立结构
分词（短语）作状语时，尽管在形式上它没有主语，但其逻辑上的主语必须和谓语动词的主语保持一致。
Studying in the college (=When I studied in the college), I learned a lot from my teachers. 在大学学习时，我从老师那里学到了很多东西。
但是,分词有时也有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为分词的独立结构。它可以表示时间，原因，条件，伴随的动作，有时还可用介词with, without 来引导。 His mother being ill, he is absent today. 他的母亲病了，他今天没来。（原因）
Time permitting, they will start to do a new job. 如果时间允许，他们会开始做一项新工作。（条件）
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗地冲进了房间。（伴随） They traveled a whole day, without any food eaten. 他们饿着肚子旅行了一整天。（伴随） 注意：分词用于独立结构时，如果分词是being, having been done形式时，没有实际意义的being或having been可以省略。
The old man was in a bad condition, his temperature (being) over 40℃ and his pulse (being) weak and rapid. 那位老人处于不好的状况，他的体温超过40℃，脉搏既弱又快。 The report (having been) read, a discussion began. 读完报告，开始讨论。
The experiment (having been) finished, we left the lab and went home. 实验结束后，我们离开了实验室回家了。 As adjectives: v-ing形式作定语
1. 单个的v-ing形式可以作前置定语，表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子 a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题 2. 作定语的v-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。 The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. 装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去
They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。 3. 某些情况下，定语不能用v-ing形式，必须用定语从句。
① 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。
昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。
【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. 【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. ② v-ing形式的完成式一般只用作状语，不作定语。
被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。
【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
v-ed形式作定语
1. 单个动词-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。
A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.所有的坏门窗都修好了。 When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。 提 示 如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。 Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。
2. 带有修饰语或其他成分的v-ed形式一般都作后置定语，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。
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牛津英语模块七第四单元所有知识点详解11
