初三英语讲座
词汇和完形填空
一、词汇：
2005年 “上海市中等学校高中阶段招生文化考试” 转变为 “上海市初中毕业生统一学业考试”。这是义务教育阶段的终结性考试。目的是全面、准确反映初中毕业生学科学习方面所达到的水平。05年也是上海市初中英语学科三套教材（统编教材、牛津教材上海版、新世纪教材）的考生一起参加学业考试的第一年。试卷不再出现分叉，因此词汇努力体现了三套教材合一的要求。
06年上海市英语教学词汇表中共有单词1677个 词组352个。单词的记忆是英语学习中一个重要的问题，词汇量的大小关系到英语听说读写能力的发展。如何掌握和会运用这些词语是总复习中一项重要的任务。上一讲中谈了如何扩大词汇量。这一讲中就考纲中新增的部分词组作用法示例。
1. a couple of 两个；几个 two things related in some way; a few; several; I found a couple of socks in the bedroom but they don’t make a pair. I have a couple of things to do. / I waited a couple of hours. 2. be fond of 爱好 like, be keen on, take pleasure in I am very fond of sports.
She likes all her children, but she’s especially fond of Peter.
3．compare with 与…比较 to exam or judge (one thing) against another
If you compare British football with American football, you will find many differences. 4. deal with 处理 to treat; take action about How do you deal with this problem?
5. enter for 报名参加 give the name of somebody for a competition, race, etc. You are good at the high jump and the long jump. Why don’t you enter for these two items?
5. get rid of 摆脱---to free oneself from (something unwanted),
How can we get rid of this unwelcome guest? How can we manage to make him leave? 7. hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸 --- stop breathing for a moment
When a whale under water, it closes its nose and holds its breath. 7. keep in touch 接触；联系---connection so as to receive information
I have kept in touch with my host family in Australia by sending emails since I came back home.
9. show off 炫耀 to behave so as to try to get people to admire one, one’s abilities Don’t look at him! He’s just showing off.
10. turn out 结果是，证明是 to happen to be in the end His statement turned out to be false. What he said turned out to be true later.
以上选自新列入考纲的十个词组，同学们可通过句子准确理解、掌握、运用新增的词组。并以此方法学习考纲中352个词组。
二．完形填空
完形填空是测试学生的语言知识、阅读理解能力和总体语言水平。在考卷中难点最集中、难度最高,是为了增加区分度而设计的试题。解这类题最能反映学生运用语言的能力。它要求学生熟练掌握词汇和语法知识，同时也要求学生具备较高的阅读理解能力。
掌握语言知识和发展语言能力是相互促进、相辅相成的，因此只有增加了语言知识，才能为大量的阅读铺平道路；而在阅读实践中培养的语感和处理英语语句的技巧又可以增进阅读理解的准确性、提高英语语言水平。阅读水平高，完形一定好；阅读不好，完形就做不好。因此要用阅读引领完形。
1、如何提高阅读能力？ 1）不断扩大词汇量
a) 利用词缀来猜测词义，如：im-、dis-、un-、-er、-ist等
b) 利用上下文的语义联系来推测词义，如反义关系、因果关系等。
2）扩大知识面，增加背景知识。利用自己原有的知识，提高理解能力。背景知识材料多样，包括天文地理、风土人情、政治历史、人物传略、科学技术等等。 3） 把握阅读技巧，阅读可分为下列几种：
a) 略读(skimming)，主要目地是了解文章大意。
b) 寻读(scanning)，主要目的是在文中查找所要信息。 c) 细读(careful reading)，主要是把握文章细节。
d) 评读 (critical reading)，主要是对所读文章进行评论。 总之不断提高阅读理解能力是做好完形填空的关键。 2、如何做好完形填空？
完形填空是测试学生阅读理解能力和语言知识的综合性练习。由于初中生所学到的英语知识面还不够广，语言功底也比较浅，在做这类练习时往往没把握。其实只要懂得做这类题目的方法和技巧，并不断地在做这类练习时进行总结，充分发挥自己的潜力，经过不断的训练，是能把这类练习做好的。
完形填空分选择填空和给首字母填空两部分（或首字母不给）。选择填空的每小题一般给四个选项，这四个选项通常属于一个范畴的词类，干扰项也可以和空格前或后的文字相匹配，具有一定的干扰作用。做四选一选择题时，可以从文章意思和语言结构两方面着手选择正确的答案。可以借助词汇、句法、以及上下文来判断什么是正确答案。如果四个选项具有不同的词义，则应该根据上下文来判断什么是正确答案。如果四个选项是近义词，应着重从词义辨别的角度选择答案；做给首字母填空题，打头字母能起到一定的提示作用，但因范围较广所以这是较难得分的题目。解这类题的基本功是对所缺的单词词性判断和大概意思的猜测。但仅仅判断所缺词在该句中的意思和语法特征，有时也未必能正确解题，有时需要通读全文才能解题。
无论做选择填空还是给首字母填空都应做到：
1) 通读全文，仔细阅读文章的第一句和最后一句，基本把握语篇的大意。有时候选择哪一个单词要看到文章的后段才能确定，如果不把全篇内容搞清楚，很可能会造成前后意思矛盾，甚至会使原文的意思面目全非。因此，做题要顾及文章的整体性和合理性。
2）分析句子的成分，确定所缺的词在句中所充当的成分和该词的词性，把考虑选择单词的范围缩小的最低限度。如名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、连接词等，确保语法结构的正确性。再根据上下文的意思确定该填入的词。
3）所选单词要根据篇章内容来定，不要不加思考照搬你所熟悉的句型和词组。因为有时从词组或单句来看好像是准确的，但从全句和全文来看却是不合逻辑的。要注意这类题中往往会故意穿插一些非词组的搭配，看学生能不能辨别，以此考查学生的阅读能力。（值得注意的是近年来单纯考核句型和词组搭配完形填空有走弱、甚至出局之势。） 4）做完后一定要反复阅读短文，检验单词填入后的句意和全文的意思是否相符，是否符合逻辑；再检验空格内填入的名词的单复数，动词的时态或形式，形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级等等是否填对了。检查所填单词有没有拼写错误、语法毛病、逻辑
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矛盾。
完形填空要求学生根据短文内容和上下文的情景，作出符合情节和逻辑的正确判断。所以对全文的正确理解是做好完形填空的关键。
3．完形填空训练指导
1) 选词填空：四选一的形式，其一所要填的词语均处于文章所提供的背景下，不仅要考虑一般语言规律，还必须考虑当时的特定条件。其二所需要的是最佳答案，因此解题时注重对文章的理解，加强选项之间的比较，做出最合适的选择。
例1：
English today is very different from the English spoken long long ago. ________ the 12th century, the language had already changed a lot.
A. From B. In C. Until D By
做这道题的关键在于看清时态，就可以毫不犹豫地选择D。 例2
“Isn’t it a nice day?” “Do you ___1____ it will rain?” “I think it’s going to rain.” These are the common ways of ___2______ conversation.
1） A. think B. see C. say D. feel 2) A. start B. begin C. talking D. starting
1) 应选A。 从后面的句子I think… 就能判断出A是准确答案。 2) 当同学们看到conversation 会考虑到 start conversation,
但这时一定要注意介词 of 后应跟动名词 starting, 所以答案应是D。 例3
Karl Landsteiner first thought of naming blood types in 1900. He ______ four types. A. make blood into B. put blood into C. keep blood into D. store blood as
做这题时，好多同学吃不准应用哪一个搭配，但只要你仔细辨别，不难发现这四个选项看起来都是动词原形，但其中B项的动词put过去式、过去分词是同一单词，而这个选项的时态应该是过去时，所以B是正确答案。
If the mother has another RH+ baby, the mother’s blood will attack the baby’s blood. The baby may die or _______.
A. sickness B. illness C. ill D. become sick.
这道题同学们会误选C ill, 但如果能仔细看清情态动词may, 就不难作出准确的选择 D． become sick.
请看练习： The United States covers a large part of the North ___1___ continent, when this land first became a nation. After ___2___ its freedom from England, it has 13 states. Each of the states has a star on the American flag. As the nation ___3___, new states were formed and there were new stars on the flag. ___4___ a long time, there were 48 states. In 1959 two ___5___ stars were added to the flag, standing for the new states of Alaska and Hawaii.
Indians were the first of the land and a great number of people came from England. It is ___6___ that reason that the language of the U.S. is English and why its culture and customs are more ___7___ those of England than any other country in the world.
1. A) America B) America’s C) American D) Americans 2. A) win B) won C) winning D) have won 3. A) grew B) grows C) growing D) have grown 4. A) In B) From C) For D) Though
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5. A) another B) many C) other D) more
6. A) on B) in C) because D) because of 7. A) as B) like C) as if D) because of (答案：CCACDDB)
注意：第1题 American 修饰continent 作定语；第2题介词after 后应跟动名词 winning; 第3题 掌握时态，不难作出选择grew;第4题一段时间用介词for; 第五题two more stars (注意搭配：another two stars)；第6题because of 后接名词 that reason (注意：because后接句子)；第7题 more like (更像)。
2. 首字母填空
完形填空的首句一般都是完整的，其目的是为了给我们一个整体思路。所以同学们应重视短文的首句。同学们应先通读一遍，得到一个整体概念。接下来边看边做，要考虑语义搭配、固定句式、时态、词组等各方面；有的单词还应从上下文的启示中找到答案。最后一定要通读全文，进行复查。
例1．
Today we can enjoy music from far away, music of long ago, and music of h______ and now.
这句句子初一读很多同学都觉得无从入手，有的同学想到了history, 但我们从long ago 对应后面的now, 就应从 far away 来考虑与之相对应的单词，我们就不难想到应该是 here。
We can hear great music from all over the world on recordings and at c______. 这里同学们想到了concert, 但却很容易忽略它的复数形式concerts, 希望前面的recordings 能起到提示作用。
Music is important to e______ of us.
这一空格同学们应注意的是 of sb. 前是不能用every 和everyone，所以必须填 each。 例2 ：
例2: ( 05区模拟考题)
We just wanted to say thank you for putting us up b________ we caught the plane last week.
put up 接待；为…提供食宿；供膳宿 thank sb. for doing sth. 为某事而感谢某人。所以这一格填 because 显然不对的。（because 引导的原因状语从句主句是过去时，从句还应是过去完成时）。这一格应该是 before.
We m________ to get to the airport with plenty of time to spare. We even tried to get on an e_______ flight, but it wasn’t possible.
第一格 managed 这里相当于succeeded in doing sth. 后一格错误率较高，很多同学想到early, 却没想到比较级，想要赶上前一航班（我们航班的前一班）。
The weather was fantastic(好极了).The sun didn’t stop s______ all the time we were there.
这一个的错误在于单词拼写：shine—shining,不少同学都双写词尾：shinning.(把现在分词的去e 加 ing 和重读闭音节双写词尾搞混在一起，所以掌握基本功是重要的。)
Anyway we’re looking forward to _______ from you, and hope to see you soon.
look forward to 期待,盼望, 这里to 是介词，所以应填hearing. hear from sb.= receive a letter from sb.
例3
A computer is fast, and never makes a mistake. While people are too slow, and full of m__1__ sometimes. That’s what people often say when they talk about computers. For over a
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quarter of a century, engineers have been making better and better computers. Now a computer can do a lot of everyday jobs w__2__. It is widely used in factories, hospitals and banks. A computer can report, decide and control in almost every f__3__. Many computer scientists are now t__4__ of making the computer “think” like a human. W_ 5__ the help of a person, a computer can draw pictures, write music, talk with people, play chess, recognize voices, translate languages and so on. P__6__ computers will one day really think and feel. Do you think that people will be a__7_ when they find that the computer is too clever to listen to and serve the people?
1. 从第一句make a mistake, 可以得出第一格应是 mistakes。(注意复数形式) 2. 第二格应是副词结构修饰行为动词。Wonderfully 3. 第三格从上文可得出讲计算机领域。field
4. 这是词组搭配的运用：think of , 注意时态。应填thinking。 5. 介词搭配：With。
6. 联系上下文的假设: Perhaps。
7. 通过下文：由于计算机太聪明，如果不接受人类控制，人类会感到害怕。afraid
例4：（05年中考卷完形填空）
Reading books is a good hobby for all kinds of reasons.
First, reading book is f__1___. You can always keep yourself amused if you like reading. This is especially useful when the weather is bad. It is a relaxing hobby too. You can really become lost in a book.
Next, you can read a book almost a___2___: in a car, in a waiting-room, on a plane, in bed —— even in the bath. All you need is a book! Reading is a convenient hobby as it is easy to stop and then start again.
A ___3___ good reason for reading books is that it is useful. If you read as a hobby you will get better and better at it. This m___ 4___ that you will read faster and will become better at understanding what you read. As your reading improves, you will probably find your schoolwork becomes much e___5____. Many school subjects depend on good reading and, as you read, you learn more and more.
Some people say that reading is out of date. This is not true. You have to be able to read to use a computer and, the better you read, the better your computer skills will be. Reading is h___6___ out of date.
Good readers are most likely to be good writers, too. They are usually good at spelling as well., and have more things to write about. Reading books is a wonderful hobby, one of the best.
W___7___ other hobby could be more useful, or more enjoyable!
1.通过上下文得知，通过amused，应填：fun。不少同学误填了funny a.问题在于他们不知道funny a.和 fun n.在用法上的区别，只会套用“跟在系动词后面，用形容词做表语”这条语法规则。 funny是形容词, 意思是“可笑的、好玩的”。用来修饰东西和物体。例如：This cat is funny. 而fun 是名词，意思是“有趣的事、好玩的事。” 被用来修饰事情，也可用作表语。本空的意思是“阅读是有趣的事”。
2.根据后面补充说明的几个介词短语在句中做地点状语的提示，应该很容易想到anywhere做这句句子的地点状语。
3. 本题应是修饰后面名词 good reason的词，这是另一段的开头，就不难想到another，“另一个理由”。
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4. 本题所缺的是动词作谓语。根据意思应是“意味着” means ，注意this 是第三人称单数形式。
5. 本题所缺的是become后的表语, 前面的much提示应填比较级。应是easier。 6.本空格在第一动词后面，应是“频度副词”的位置。根据上下文意思，应该表达的是否定的意思。应填hardly。
7. 本空是本大题失分最多的空格之一。只要认准了最后的感叹号，应该就不难想到是感叹句。不少同学因过多去分析句子的结构，或者想得过于复杂，反而忽略了这是一句感叹句。应填What。
完形填空是中考题型中难度最高的一部分,是考核学生阅读理解能力和语言知识的综合性练习。要提高该题型的解题能力,平时要注意积累,善于分析自己所做过的这类练习,总结自己做错的原因,不断实践、不断积累。掌握一定的方法和技巧，充分发挥自己的潜力，是能够把这类题做好的。
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初三英语讲座
