该前序列translocase22（TIM22）结合专开往线粒体内膜preproteins。
线粒体基质靶向序列中富含正电荷的氨基酸和羟基化的。蛋白质是有针对性地厢。
靶向外膜，间空间，和内膜通常需要除了基质靶向序列的另一信号序列。
Sorting of proteins to chloroplasts
The preprotein for chloroplasts may contain a stromal import sequence or a stromal and thylakoid targeting sequence. The majority of preproteins are translocated through the Toc and Tic complexes located within the chloroplast envelope. In the stroma the stromal import sequence is cleaved off and folded as well as intra-chloroplast sorting to thylakoids continues. Proteins targeted to the envelope of chloroplasts usually lack cleavable sorting sequence.
蛋白质排序叶绿体
叶绿体的前蛋白可能含有间质导入序列或间质类囊体和靶向序列。多数preproteins都是通过TOC和位于叶绿体壳内抽动络合物易位。在基质的基质导入序列被切除并折叠以及帧内叶绿体分拣到类囊体继续。针对叶绿体的包膜蛋白通常缺乏裂解的排序顺序。
submitochondrial由多个信号和几个途径车
Sorting of proteins to both chloroplasts and mitochondria
Many proteins are needed in both mitochondria and chloroplasts. In general the targeting peptide is of intermediate character to the two specific ones. The targeting peptides of these proteins have a high content of basic and hydrophobicamino acids, a low content of negatively charged amino acids. They have a lower content of alanine and a higher content of leucine and phenylalanine. The dual targeted proteins have a more hydrophobic targeting peptide than both mitochondrial and chloroplastic ones.
蛋白质的分拣既叶绿体和线粒体
许多蛋白中需要两个线粒体和叶绿体。在一般的靶向肽是中间字符到两个特定的人的。这些蛋白质的靶向肽具有的基本的和疏水性氨基酸含量较高，带负电荷的氨基酸的含量低。它们具有丙氨酸的含量较低和亮氨酸和苯丙氨酸的含量较高。双重靶向蛋白质具有比两个线粒体和叶绿体那些更疏水的靶向肽。Sorting of proteins to peroxisomes
All peroxisomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes. To date there are two types of known Peroxisome Targeting Signals (PTS):
Peroxisome targeting signal 1 (PTS1): a C-terminal tripeptide with a consensus sequence (S/A/C)-(K/R/H)-(L/A). The most common PTS1
is serine-lysine-leucine (SKL). Most peroxisomal matrix proteins possess a PTS1 type signal.
Peroxisome targeting signal 2 (PTS2): a nonapeptide located near the N-terminus with a consensus sequence
(R/K)-(L/V/I)-XXXXX-(H/Q)-(L/A/F) (where X can be any amino acid).
There are also proteins that possess neither of these signals. Their transport may be based on a so-called \proteins associate with PTS1-possessing matrix proteins and are translocated into the peroxisomal matrix together with them. 蛋白质排序过氧化物酶体
所有的过氧化物酶体蛋白由核基因编码的。迄今有两种类型的已知的过氧化物酶体靶向信号（过氧化物酶体定位信号
PTS）的：
1（PTS1）：C-末端三肽具有共有序列（S
/ A / C）- （K/ R/ H）- （L/ A）。最常见的PTS1为丝氨酸- 赖氨酸- 亮氨酸（SKL）。大多数过氧化物酶体基质蛋白拥有类型的信号。过氧化物酶体靶向信号
2（PTS2）：位于N末端具有共有序列附
PTS1
近的九肽（R / K）- （L / V/ I）-XXXXX-（H / Q）- （L / A / F）（其中X可以是任何氨基酸）。
还有一些既没有这些信号的蛋白质。它们的运输可基于所谓的“背驮式”机制：这些蛋白质关联与起转移进入过氧化物酶体基质。Diseases
Peroxisomal protein transport is defective in the following genetic diseases:
Zellweger syndrome. Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Refsum disease
Protein targeting in bacteria and archaea
As discussed above (see protein translocation), most prokaryotic membrane-bound and secretory proteins are targeted to the plasma membrane by either a co-translation pathway that uses bacterial SRP or a post-translation pathway that requires SecA and SecB. At the plasma membrane, these two pathways deliver proteins to the SecYEG translocon for translocation. Bacteria may have a single plasma membrane (Gram-positive bacteria), or an inner membrane plus an outer membrane separated by the periplasm (Gram-negative bacteria). Besides the plasma membrane the majority of prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles as found in eukaryotes, but they
PTS1-具有基质蛋白和与它们一
may assemble proteins onto various types of inclusions such as gas vesicles and storage granules.
疾病
过氧化物酶体蛋白转运是在下面的遗传性疾病缺陷：?齐薇格综合征。
?肾上腺脑白质营养不良（ALD）。?雷弗素姆病
蛋白质在细菌和古细菌靶向
如上所讨论的（参见蛋白易位），大多数原核生物膜结合和分泌蛋白由任一使用的细菌的
SRP或需要SecA的和的SecB一个翻
译后途径的共翻译途径靶向到质膜。在质膜，这两种途径递送蛋白质的SecYEG位子为易位。细菌可以具有单质膜（革兰氏阳性菌），或内膜加由周质（革兰氏阴性细菌）中分离的外膜。除了质膜大多数原核生物的缺乏膜结合细胞器如在真核生物中发现的，但它们可以聚集蛋白到各种类型的夹杂物如气体囊泡和存储颗粒。
Gram-negative bacteria
Main article: Gram-Negative Bacterial Secretion
In gram-negative bacteria proteins may be incorporated into the plasma membrane, the outer membrane, the periplasm or secreted into
Proteintargeting靶向蛋白讲解(20201005143805)
