定语从句
“一判三看”破解定语从句
一判：判断是不是定语从句
①设空处无提示词，而设空前的主句完整；设空后的句子不完整，且对设空前的某一名词或代词起限定作用，考虑填定语从句关系词。
②注意是否已有并列连词(如but、 and)和从属连词(如if、 when)，注意是否是强调结构。 ③若是疑问句可将其变为陈述句语序。
一看：在先行词的后面出现逗号的，是非限制性定语从句。 ①that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
②which引导非限制性定语从句可代表主句的全部或部分内容，which意为“这一点”。
③as引导非限制性定语从句，可置句中或句首或句尾，意为“正如”。 其后的谓语动词多是be seen、 be known、 be reported、 be mentioned、 be said、 be often the case等。
二看：寻找先行词，判断属性(指人还是指物，表时间地点，还是原因) ①先行词指人：that/who/whom/whose； ②先行词指物：that/which/whose等； ③表时间/地点/原因：when/where/why。 三看：判断所缺成分，确定关系词 ①缺少主语：that/which/who；
②缺少动词的宾语：that/which/who/whom； ③缺少介词的宾语：whom/which； ④缺少定语：whose；
⑤缺少时间、地点或原因状语时：用when、 where、 why。
1. 定语从句的1个难点
当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词，如point、 situation、 case、 stage等，若在从句中作状语，用关系副词where引导定语从句；若作主语或宾语，则用关系代词that/which。 ①先行词指人时不能用which, whom只作宾语。
②that两个不能：不能用在介词后，不能引导非限制性定语从句。
③先行词表时间或地点，关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that、 which；作状语用when、 where。 ④that在定语从句中作宾语时可省略，其余情况一般不可省略。 ⑤what引导的名词性从句作介词和动词的宾语，是常考点应多关注。
2. “缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词
1．如果先行词指人，且定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that，非限制性定语从句中用who。 2．如果先行词指人，且定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom，非限制性定语从句中
用whom。
3．如果先行词指物，且定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that，非限制性定语从句中用which。
4．如果先行词指时间或地点，且定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where；如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。
5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。
6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom；如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。
考点一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1．关系代词及其用法
关系代词 who whom which that 用法 用于指人，在从句中作主语或宾语 用于指人，在从句中作宾语，可用who代替；若从句中的介词提到关系代词前，只能用whom直接跟在介词后作宾语，不可用who代替 用于指物，在从句中作主语或宾语 既可指人又可指物，指人时通常可与who, whom互换，指物时通常可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语 表示所属关系，既可指人又可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于whose of which；指人时相当于of whom 引导限制性定语从句，作关系代词，既可指人又可指物，在从句中作as 主语、宾语、表语。引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句，意为“正如；像”
2.关系代词的用法区别
先行词是all, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing等不定代词时 关系代词that和which的用法区别 只用that的情况 先行词被the only, the very, the same, all等修饰时 先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 先行词既有人又有物时 只用which的情况 引导非限制性定语从句时 关系代词指物，且前有介词时
as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句前、中、后，as常译为“正如……，关系代词as和which的用法区别 正像……”。从句的谓语动词多为see, know, expect, say, mention, report等 which引导非限制性定语从句修饰前面整个句子时，只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系 (2018·北京卷)She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit. (2017·北京卷)The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. (2017·天津卷)My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment. (重庆卷)We’ll reach the sales targets in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year. (江苏卷)The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 【名师点津】
(1)whom, which, that在从句中作宾语时可省略；但介词提前时不能省略，也不能用that；
(2)as用在限制性定语从句中时，常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.
考点二、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词 when 用法 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，相当于“表时间的介词(in，at，on，during等)＋which” 指地点，在从句中作地点状语，相当于“表地点的介词(in, at, on, where why under等)＋which” 指原因，在从句中作原因状语，相当于“for＋which” (天津卷)The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living. (福建卷)Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth. Do you know the reason why he didn’t attend the meeting yesterday? 【名师点津】
当先行词为situation, case, stage, point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，也要用关系副词where引导。 (2019·天津卷)Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
考点三、“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的定语从句
1．“介词＋关系代词”结构引导的定语从句。其中关系代词只能用which和whom，且不能省略。 (安徽卷)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.
2．“the＋名词＋of which/whom”结构引导的定语从句。这类定语从句一般为非限制性定语从句，且该结构中的名词和后面的关系代词为所属关系。
(江苏卷)The newly-built café，the walls of which (＝whose walls) are painted light green, is really a peaceful
place for us, especially after hard work.
3．“表示全部或部分的词语＋of which/whom”结构引导的定语从句。常见的表示部分的词或结构有：不定代词(all, both, none, some, most等)；数词(基数词、序数词、百分数、分数、several等)；the＋形容词的比较级/最高级。
(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved.
(江苏卷)Many young people, most of whom were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. 4．“介词＋which＋名词”结构引导的定语从句。常见的类似结构： during which time at which time at which point for which reason in which case
在此期间 在这时 在这一时刻 由于这个原因 在这一情况下
(辽宁卷)He may win the competition, in which case he is likely to get into the national team. 【名师点津】
“复合介词短语＋which”结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 当堂训练
I.高考真题诊断·单句语法填空
1.(2019全国卷Ⅱ)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, _________ she opened with her late husband Les.
2.(2018全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
3.(2019全国卷Ⅲ)They were well trained by their masters _________ had great experience with caring for these animals.
4.(2018全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program _________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
5.(2020全国卷III)In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike. II.精选典题定语从句专题对点训练·单句语法填空
6.(2020·太原期中)In the past few years, more than half of the bookstores in China have closed down, __________ is the result of the competition with online bookstores.
7.(2020·保定摸底)For instance, in Lima, the capital of Peru, there are more than 50 Chinese medicine clinics, about 70 percent of __________ were set up by local doctors.
8.(2020·大连双基测试)The 55-km Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, __________ was opened on Oct.24, 2018,
connects Guangdong Province with China’s two special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macao.
9.(2020·陕西汉中一模)Our office wasn’t far from Chinatown, __________ I found some very good Chinese restaurants.
10.(2020·天津河西质量调研)This was returned because the person to __________ this letter was addressed had died three years ago.
11.(2020·大庆一中二模)As more and more people own private cars, parking has become a big headache for many car owners, especially for those __________ live in downtown areas without enough parking spaces.
12.(2020·齐齐哈尔一模)The video, __________ length was just 7 seconds, has been viewed more than 19 million times in just two days.
13.(2020·衢州模拟)He decided to go to Stanford because there were many opportunities for people __________ wanted to work in Silicon Valley.
14.(2020·烟台期末)His interest started a few years ago, __________ he was in college and studying wildlife science.
15.(2020·河北一模)He wrote a letter __________ he explained what had happened in the accident. III.精选典题定语从句专题对点训练·短文语法填空
There was a time___21___I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English. And this was the reason___22___my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school. When I first came to the club，___23___I met many strangers， I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home. Fortunately， my guide，___24___teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face-to-face，from___25___I gained some useful instructions.
He also introduced a good partner to me，and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there. Everyday I would talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities___26___we did. I should be grateful to my father and the guide，___27___encouraged met of all in love with English. Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into___28___I put my entire energy. Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions. Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through___29___I can memorize a large number of new words. ___30___our Eng sh teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will master English sooner or later.”
课后作业
1
Over the centuries Shakespeare’s plays have gained a reputation for being difficult to understand. But if his work is experienced on stage as Shakespeare intended, then it can become much clearer. In fact 95% of the words used in Shakespeare’s plays are the same words we use today.
The meanings of some words have altered significantly, 1 , because Shakespeare was writing at a time of great linguistic change. This gave him a certain amount of 2 license in his language.
So what can Shakespeare’s plays tell us about how people really spoke at this time? And did anyone really speak like his characters? The lines spoken by Corin to Rosalind and Celia in As You Like It probably weren’t 3 of an Elizabethan shepherd.
The first thing to remember about Shakespeare’s work is that he wrote plays to entertain. They are 4 works, and the dialogue was exploited to suit the stage. Therefore his characters’ language did not always 5 how real people would have spoken.
For instance, in As You Like It when Corin, the shepherd, talks of love, his lines are beautiful and poetic – but 6 unrealistic. The lines Shakespeare gave Corin probably wouldn’t have been used by an Elizabethan shepherd – instead they 7 to highlight the drama.
Another example of how the theatrical style enriched Shakespeare’s text can be seen in the structure of his lines. According to the practice of the time, Shakespeare wrote his poems in iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步) so it was 8 for his actors to learn. When Shakespeare was writing, new plays were performed every day so this 10-beat structure was a great help for anyone having to learn a lot of lines for the next day’s play.
9 this structure meant that, on occasion, Shakespeare made up or adapted words to fit. 10 , on several occasions Shakespeare changed the word “vast” to “vasty” when “vast” did not fit the 11 of the line. But if we look beyond the dialogue to the words themselves we can find out a little of how people really spoke.
We can come close to this thanks to “original pronunciation” which is a system of 12 that reproduce how the Elizabethans are believed to have spoken. Today it sounds like a West Country accent, with echoes of other parts of the country. When we 13 this to Shakespeare’s dialogue, rhymes and puns(押韵与双关) that are not heard in modern English are suddenly revealed.
So through Shakespeare’s plays we can 14 a great deal about how people really spoke. His dialogue was on the whole representative of the language of the time and area and now provides us with invaluable insight into a(n) 15 language. 1.A.otherwise 2.A.creative 3.A.critical
B.furthermore B.significant B.typical
C.however C.limited C.proud
D.hence D.practical D.afraid
4.A.valuable 5.A.reflect 6.A.luckily 7.A.construct 8.A.easier 9.A.Falling into 10.A.By contrast 11.A.structure 12.A.speech 13.A.fit 14.A.keep up 15.A.lost
B.outstanding B.mean B.essentially B.produce B.worse B.Varying from B.For example B.style B.writing B.devote B.find out B.difficult
C.efficient C.sign C.generally C.function C.wiser C.Agreeing to C.What’s more C.rhythm C.communication C.apply C.take on C.ongoing
2
D.dramatic D.signal D.naturally D.illustrate D.slower D.Sticking to D.In consequence D.form D.symbol D.input D.bring about D.global
The notion of building brand personality is promoted by Starbucks as a part of company culture to embed meaning in their products and thus attract more customers.
Starbucks literally changed the definition of “a good cup of coffee”. For Starbucks, the brand had three elements: coffee, 16 and stores. Strict control over the quality and processing of the beans 17 that the coffee would be of the highest possible quality. Outstanding store personnel were employed and trained in coffee knowledge and 18 service. Store design, atmosphere and aroma (浓香) all 19 the “Starbucks Experience”.
Almost all Starbucks stores were corporately owned and controlled. Starbucks prided itself on the “Starbucks Experience”, 20 coffee to provide a unique experience for its customers.
21 those traditional coffee houses providing you with the grab-and-go service, Starbucks provides you with more than coffee. You get great people, first-rate music, a comfortable and upbeat meeting place, and 22 advice on brewing excellent coffee at home. At home you’re part of a family. At work you’re part of a company. And somewhere in between is a place where you can sit back and be yourself. That’s what a Starbucks store has been 23 to creating for its customers — a kind of “third place” where they can 24 , reflect, read, chat or listen.
The green Starbucks logo is a mermaid that looks like the end of the double image of the sea. It was designed
by Terry Heckler, who got the 25 from the wooden statue of the sea. Mermaid logo also 26 original and modern meanings: her face is very simple, but with modern abstract forms of packaging; the middle is black and white, the only color on the outside surrounded by a circle.
Starbucks makes the typical American culture gradually broken down into elements of 27 : the visual warmth, hearing the way, smelling the aroma of coffee and so on. Just think, through the huge glass windows, watching the crowded streets, 28 sipping a coffee flavor, which is in line with the “Yapi”, the feeling of experience in the 29 life.
But the 30 of Starbucks is not about the coffee, although it’s great coffee. Coffee is only a carrier. Coffee consumption, to a great extent, is an emotional and cultural level of consumption. 16.A.people 17.A.assured 18.A.emergency 19.A.consisted of 20.A.going beyond 21.A.With regard to 22.A.general 23.A.committed 24.A.negotiate 25.A.imagination 26.A.creates 27.A.brand 28.A.greedily 29.A.busy 30.A.product
B.managers B.promised B.environment B.benefited from B.coming across B.In addition to B.reasonable B.alerted B.perform B.inspiration B.cultivates B.logo B.gently B.easy B.vision
C.customers C.ensured C.employment C.contributed to C.making up C.Compared with C.legal C.subjected C.conceal C.patent C.credits C.possession C.persistently C.miserable C.essence
3
The residents of Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin are no strangers to wild turkeys. However, Smoke, a turkey that has been living in the town since spring this year, is 31 . The bird runs after 32 vehicles, and “controls” 33 flow by parking himself in the middle of the road. He is also known to boldly 34 residents and shout at them, as though saying 35 to them.
D.clients D.predicted D.customer D.headed for D.depending on D.In terms of D.fascinating D.required D.escape D.philosophy D.conveys D.experience D.indifferently D.energetic D.importance
Though the bird can be somewhat annoying at times, the 36 have grown to love their resident wild turkey. Those who commonly kept to themselves are forming 37 after Smoke’s arrival, using the new common pet as an ice breaker to start a 38 .
To show their 39 , the residents recently named Smoke the town’s honorary mayor, and 40 a Facebook page “Smoke Turkey-Mayor of Ashwaubenon” to 41 the growing fans to keep up with the bird’s antics(滑稽动作).
Randy Tews is well aware of Smoke’s 42 . He says, “I think some residents will be 43 to see him go. He’s brought so many smiles to people’s faces here. And this turkey is 44 traffic for people on their way to work, and it gives them something to cheer about.”
However, people are 45 that Smoke’s rising popularity will result in road accidents as distracted drivers try to take a 46 or two. There is also the danger of a traffic jam caused by drivers 47 stepping on their brakes to avoid hitting the bird, which regularly 48 around on busy roads.
Despite months of trying, all 49 to catch and take Smoke to a nearby wildlife rescue station have proved 50 . The turkey seems to love the residents, unwilling to leave the town. 31.A.common 32.A.flying 33.A.information 34.A.approach 35.A.sorry 36.A.fans 37.A.classes 38.A.conversation 39.A.attitude 40.A.gave up 41.A.force 42.A.reality 43.A.sad 44.A.monitoring 45.A.afraid
B.smart B.moving B.water B.escape B.hello B.birds B.visions B.project B.view B.made up B.allow B.possibility B.delighted B.directing B.proud
C.wild C.resting C.traffic C.attack C.yes C.locals C.bonds C.business C.affection C.put up C.require C.ability C.annoyed C.changing C.sorry
D.unique D.working D.air D.scare D.no D.cleaners D.shapes D.club D.talent D.set up D.beg D.popularity D.excited D.
recording
D.sure
46.A.rest 47.A.gently 48.A.jumps 49.A.attempts 50.A.unfair
B.photo B.heavily B.jogs B.struggles B.unusual
C.step C.specially C.wanders C.challenges C.uneasy
4
D.turn D.suddenly D.lies D.tricks D.unsuccessful
Most people agree that a pet adds joy to a person’s life. Scientists are now finding that having a pet may keep its owner 51 . And good health may add years to a person’s life.
Scientists have been 52 the tie（关系） between pets and health for years. In 1990, a study was done with people aged 65 and older. It 53 that pet owners went to the doctor less than people 54 pets. Do pets make people 55 ? Are people able to handle their everyday lives better? Alan Beck, who is a researcher, says that 56 the answer to the questions is yes, then having pets may be a good idea. Can pets also help people live longer? Rebecca Johnson did a study to 57 . Johnson teaches nurses how to care for 58 people. Her study shows that having pets may cause people to 59 more slowly.
The human body makes many chemicals. Some of the chemicals make people feel 60 . Others make people feel bad. In Johnson’s 61 , levels of the “good” chemicals 62 when people were around pets while levels of the “bad” chemicals went down. The good 63 seemed to slow the aging of cells. If this is 64 , maybe people should spend more time with their 65 . Then people might feel better and 66 longer.
You might be allergic（过敏的） to pets. Or you may not want to 67 a pet. Never fear. A robotic, or computer pet may be just the thing for you. Scientists are testing computer pets, like the robotic dog AIBO. They want to see if 68 pets can help people the way 69 dogs do. Will a robotic pet 70 the real pet sitting with you on the sofa? Something tells us that it will probably become a reality.
51.A.excited B.mad C.hurried D.healthy
52.A.carrying out B.making up C.looking at D.breaking down 53.A.showed B.warned C.reminded D.advised 54.A.through B.beyond C.against D.without 55.A.busier B.happier C.funnier D.angrier
56.A.though B.if C.until D.unless 57.A.find out B.put out C.look out D.set out 58.A.sick B.friendly C.lovely D.old 59.A.move B.grow C.age D.walk 60.A.bored B.good C.sleepy D.surprised 61.A.study B.work C.story D.case 62.A.changed B.varied C.fell D.rose 63.A.sides B.chemicals C.studies D.dogs 64.A.unusual B.important C.true D.impossible 65.A.neighbors B.friends C.pets D.children 66.A.live B.wander C.stay D.travel 67.A.head for B.search for C.cheer for D.care for 68.A.baby B.computer C.family D.toy 69.A.brave B.faithful C.real D.quiet 70.A.destroy B.accompany C.improve D.replace
答案解析 当堂训练
1.答案：which 解析：根据设空处前边有逗号可知，设空处为非限制性定语从句代替前边的句子，先行词为the pet shop，故用引导词which引导。句意：现在，艾琳·阿斯特伯里每天早上9点到下午5点在麦克莱斯菲尔德的宠物店工作，这家宠物店是她和她已故的丈夫莱斯一起开的。
2.答案：that/which 解析：分析句子结构可知，名词study为先行词表示事物，其后为定语从句故用that或which引导，在从句中做主语。句意：该综述的两位作者还在2014年发表了一项研究，该研究表明，每天只要跑步5到10分钟，就能降低患心脏病和各种原因导致的早死的风险。
3.答案：who/that 解析：根据语境可知，masters为先行词表示人，故用who或that引导定语从句，在从句中做主语。句意：他们的主人在照顾这些动物方面经验丰富，训练有素。
4.答案：that/which 解析：根据语境可知program为先行词，表示事物，其后为定语从句故用that或which引导，在从句中做主语。句意：中国农业部发现，从2005年政府开始土壤测试项目(向农民提供特定肥料建议)到2011年，化肥使用量减少了770万吨。
5.答案：whose 解析：根据语境可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词为artist，在从句中作定语修饰paintings，
故用whose。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画栩栩如生。
6.答案：which 解析：根据设空处前边有逗号可知，设空处为非限制性定语从句代替前边的句子，故用引导词which。句意：在过去的几年里，中国超过一半的书店倒闭了，这是与网上书店竞争的结果。
7.答案：which 解析：分析句子结构可知，设空处是“代词＋of+which/whom\引导的非限制性定语从句。先行词是many theories，指物，故关系代词只能用which。句意：例如，在秘鲁首都利马，有50多家中医诊所，其中70%是当地医生开设的。
8.答案：which 解析：根据语境可知先行词为bridge，根据设空处前边有逗号可知，bridge之后为非限制性定语从句，故用引导词which。句意：港珠澳大桥全长55公里，于2018年10月24日通车，连接了广东省和中国两个特别行政区香港、澳门。
9.答案：where 解析：分析句子结构可知，先行词为 Chinatown，在从句中做地点状语，后接定语从句时，应该用关系副词where引导。句意：我们的办公室离唐人街不远，在那里我发现了一些非常不错的中国餐馆。
10.答案：whom 解析：分析句子结构可知，设空处是“to+which/whom\引导的定语从句。先行词是person，指人，故关系代词只能用whom。句意：这封信被退回了，因为收信人三年前就去世了。
11.答案：who 解析：考察定语从句的引导词，根据语境可知those为先行词，为不定代词表示人，在从句中做主语。定语从句的引导词只能用who不能用that。句意：随着越来越多的人拥有私家车，停车已经成为许多车主头疼的问题，特别是那些居住在市中心没有足够停车位的人。
12.答案：whose 解析：分析句子结构可知，先行词是 the video,空处在定语从句中作定语，这里限定 length, 故填 whose。句意：这段时长仅7秒的视频，在短短两天内的浏览量就超过了1900万次。
13.答案：who/that 解析：分析句子结构可知先行词为people, 故用who引导定语从句，who在从中作主语。关系代词that可以指人，填that也可以。句意：他决定去斯坦福，因为那里有很多机会提供给那些想在硅谷工作的人。
14.答案：when 解析：根据语境可知，先行词是表示时间的a few years ago,且从句中缺少状语，故填关系副词when。句意：他的兴趣是几年前开始的，当时他还在大学学习野生动物科学。
15.答案：where 解析：分析句子结构可知，先行词为letter表示物，后接定语从句时，从句中缺少状语，应该用关系副词where，表示在信中。句意：他写了一封信，在信中解释了事故发生的原因。
【语篇解读】本文为记叙文，叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的训练的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对学习英语产生了兴趣。作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。
21. 答案：when 解析：There was a time when...有一段时间。 句意：有一段时间，我厌烦 学英语并且不喜欢山说英语。
22.答案：why 解析：This is/was the reason why...这就是……的原因。
23.答案：where 解析：先行词是the club， 关系词在从句中作地点状语， 故填where。
24.答案：whose 解析：先行词为my guide， 代人定语从句后为：My guide's teacher was Yu Minhong. 由此 可见， 关系词与teacher之间是所属关系，故用whose引导。
25.答案：which 解析：先行词指事，关系词在定语从句中作from的宾语， 且介词from在前面， 故填which。
26.答案：that/which 解析：先行词是activities，且关系词在定语从句中作宾语， 故用that或which引导。 27.答案：who 解析：先行词为my father and the guide，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作 主语，且指“人”， 所以用who引导。
28.答案：which 解析：先行词为English，关系词在定语从句中作介词into的宾语， 且介 词into在前面， 故填which。
29.答案：which 解析：先行词为一个句子，关系词在定语从句中作介词through的宾语， 且 介词在前面，故用which引导。句意：人睡前我回忆文章，通过这种方法，我能记住大量 的生词。
30.答案：As 解析：非限制性定语从句置于句首，故需用as引导。 句意：正如我们英语 老师所说的：“只要你们养成每天学英语的习惯并且坚持不懈，你们迟早会掌握英语。” 课后作业
1
【答案】1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.A 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过莎士比亚的戏剧讲述了人们是如何说话的。
1.考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，有些词的意思已经发生了很大的变化，因为莎士比亚是在语言发生巨大变化的时候写作的。A. otherwise否则；B. furthermore而且；C. however然而；D. hence因此。由上文的95% of the words used in Shakespeare’s plays are the same words we use today和The meanings of some words have altered significantly可知，前后两句表转折，应用however。故选C项。
2.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在他的语言中，这给予他某种创造性的许可证。A. creative创造力的；B. significant重要的；C. limited有限的；D. practical实际的。由上文的Shakespeare was writing at a time of great linguistic change可知，莎士比亚在语言发生巨变的时候写作，所以语言会具有创造性。故选A项。 3.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科林在《皆大欢喜》中对罗莎琳德和西莉亚说的台词不可能代表伊丽莎白时代牧羊人说话方法。A. critical关键的；B. typical典型的、代表的；C. proud骄傲的；D. afraid害怕的。由下文的when Corin, the shepherd, talks of love, his lines are beautiful and poetic可知，莎士比亚笔下的牧羊人说
的诗句优美而富有诗意，这不可能代表伊丽莎白时代牧羊人说话方式。故选B项。
4.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们是戏剧作品，对话被用来配合舞台。A. valuable贵重的；B. outstanding杰出的；C. efficient有效的；D. dramatic戏剧的。由下文的the dialogue was exploited to suit the stage可知，莎士比亚的作品是戏剧作品。故选D项。
5.考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，他笔下人物的语言并不总是能反映出真实的人是如何说话的。A. reflectB. mean意味着；C. sign签D. signal示意。反映；（名）；由上文的he wrote plays to entertain和the dialogue was exploited to suit the stage可知，他笔下人物的语言并不总是能反映出真实的人是如何说话的。故选A项。 6.考查副词词义辨析。句意：例如，在《皆大欢喜》中，牧羊人科林谈到爱时，他的诗句优美而富有诗意，但本质上是不现实的。A. luckily幸运地；B. essentially本质上地；C. generally一般地；D. naturally自然地。由上文的when Corin, the shepherd, talks of love, his lines are beautiful and poetic可知，牧羊人的诗句优美而富有诗意，这本质上是不现实的。故选B项。
7.考查动词词义辨析。句意：莎士比亚给科林的台词可能不会被伊丽莎白时代的牧羊人使用，相反，它们的作用是突出戏剧。A. construct建造；B. produce产生；C. function起作用；D. illustrate解释、说明。由上文的the dialogue was exploited to suit the stage可知，莎士比亚语言的作用是突出戏剧。故选C项。
8.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据当时的惯例，莎士比亚用抑扬格五步格来写他的诗，这样他的演员们就A. easier更简单的；B. worse更糟的；C. wiser更聪明的；D. slower更慢的。更容易学习了。由上文的According to the practice of the time可知，莎士比亚按惯例用抑扬格五步格来写他的诗，所以演员们更容易学习。故选A项。
9.考查动词短语辨析。句意：坚持这种结构意味着，莎士比亚有时会编造或改编词语来适应。A. Falling into陷入；B. Varying from不同于；C. Agreeing to同意；D. Sticking to坚持。由上文的this 10-beat structure was a great help for anyone having to learn a lot of lines for the next day’s play可知莎士比亚坚持抑扬格五步格结构。故选D项。
10.考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，莎士比亚曾多次将“vast”一词改为“vasty”，而“vast”与诗行的节奏不符。A. By contrast作比较；B. For example例如；C. What’s more更重要的是；D. In consequence结果。由全文语境可知，此处表示举例。故选B项。
11.考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，莎士比亚曾多次将“vast”一词改为“vasty”，而“vast”与诗行的节奏不符。A. structure结构；B. style风格；C. rhythm节奏；D. form形式。由上文的Shakespeare changed the word “vast” to “vasty”可知，“vast”与诗行的节奏不符。故选C项。
12.考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们之所以能接近这一点，要归功于“原始发音”，这是一种模仿伊丽莎白时
代人说话方式的语言系统。A. speech说话方式；B. writing写作；C. communication交流；D. symbol象征。由上文的original pronunciation可知，这是一种语言系统。故选A项。
13.考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我们把这一点应用到莎士比亚的对话中时，现代英语中听不到的押韵和双A. fit适合；B. devote贡献；C. apply应用；D. input输入。关语会突然显露出来。由下文的rhymes and puns(押韵与双关) that are not heard in modern English are suddenly revealed可知，是把这一点应用到了莎士比亚的对话中，才能凸显区别（听到现代英语中听不到的押韵和双关语）。故选C项。
14.考查动词短语辨析。A. keep 句意：因此，通过莎士比亚的戏剧，我们可以发现很多关于人们是如何说话的。up保持；B. find out发现；C. take on承担；D. bring about导致。由上文的But if we look beyond the dialogue to the words themselves we can find out a little of how people really spoke可知，从莎士比亚的戏剧中，我们可以发现人们是如何说话的。故选B项。
15.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他的对话大体上代表了当时和地区的语言，现在为我们提供了对一种失落的语言的宝贵见解。A. lost失去的、失落的；B. difficult困难的；C. ongoing不断发展的；D. global全球的。由全文语境可知，莎士比亚的语言现在已经不被使用了，失去了。故选A项。
2
【答案】16.A 17.C 18.D 19.C 20.A 21.C 22.B 23.A 24.D 25.B 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.A 30.C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了虽然星巴克的咖啡很棒，但星巴克的精髓不在于咖啡，而在于它的企业文化。
16.考查名词词义辨析。句意：对于星巴克来说，这个品牌有三个要素：咖啡、人和商店。
A. people人（们）；B. managers经理；C. customers顾客；D. clients客户。上文说星巴克将打造品牌个性的理念作为企业文化的一部分，将意义嵌入产品中，从而吸引更多的顾客，由此可知，人是星巴克品牌文化的三个要素之一，故A项正确。
17.考查动词词义辨析。句意：对咖啡豆的质量和加工过程进行严格的控制，确保了咖啡的最高品质。A. assured担保；B. promised承诺；C. ensured 确保、保证；D. predicted预言。对咖啡豆的质量和加工过程进行严格的控制的目的自然是确保咖啡的最高品质，故C项正确。
18.考查名词词义辨析。句意：在咖啡知识和客户服务方面雇用和培训了优秀的店员。A. emergency紧急情况；B. environment环境；C. employment就业；D. customer客户。根据常识可知，店员上岗前要进行客户服务方面的培训，customer service表示“客户服务”，故D项正确。
19.考查动词短语辨析。句意：店内的设计、氛围和香气都为星巴克体验做出了贡献。A. consisted of由……
组成；B. benefited from从……中受益；C. contributed to有助于、为……做贡献；D. headed for前往。根据常识可知，咖啡店的设计、氛围和浓郁的香气都为顾客的星巴克体验做出了贡献，故C项正确。 20.考查动词短语辨析。句意：星巴克以“星巴克体验”为荣，其服务超出了咖啡，为顾客提供独特的体验。A. going beyond超出；B. coming across遇到；C. making up弥补；D. depending on在……上花费。下文说星巴克为您提供的不仅仅是咖啡，由此可知，“星巴克体验”超出了咖啡，为顾客提供独特的体验，故A项正确。
21.考查介词短语辨析。句意：与传统的咖啡店为您提供的服务相比，星巴克为您提供的不仅仅是咖啡。With regard to至于；B. In addition to除……之外（还）；C. Compared with与……相比；D. In terms of在……方面。空后提到了传统咖啡店的服务，因此是星巴克与传统咖啡店的对比，故C项正确。
22.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这里有很棒的人，一流的音乐，舒适、积极的会议场所，以及在家里煮优质咖啡的合理建议。A. general一般的；B. reasonable合理的；C. legal合法的；D. fascinating迷人的。根据常食可知，星巴克自然会为顾客提供在家煮一杯好咖啡的合理建议，故B项正确。
23.考查动词词义辨析。句意：这就是星巴克致力于为顾客创造的一种“第三空间”，在那里他们可以远离（喧嚣）、思考、阅读、聊天或倾听。A. committed承诺、投身；B. alerted警告；C. subjected 臣服；D. required要求。be committed to表示“致力于”，故A项正确。
24.考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. negotiate谈判；B. perform执行； C. conceal隐藏；D. escape远离、避开。根据空后的“reflect, read, chat or listen”可知，在星巴克创造的“第三空间”里，人们可以远离（喧嚣）、旨在突出星巴克创造的安静环境，故D项正确。
25.考查名词词义辨析。句意：它是由特里·赫克勒设计的，他从木制的海洋雕像中得到灵感。
A. imagination想象；B. inspiration灵感；C. patent专利权；D. philosophy哲理。上文说绿色星巴克标识是一个美人鱼，这个设计灵感是特里·赫克勒从木制的海洋雕像中获得的，故B项正确。
26.考查动词词义辨析。句意：美人鱼标识还传达了原始和现代的含义。A. creates创造；B. cultivates培养；C. credits赞颂；D. conveys传达。根据常识可知，一个品牌的标识自然会传达某种含义，故D项正确。 27.考查名词词义辨析。句意：星巴克将典型的美国文化逐渐分解为体验元素：视觉上的温暖，听觉上煮咖啡的声音，嗅觉上的咖啡香气等等。A. brand品牌；B. logo标识；C. possession财产；D. experience体验。根据冒号后的内容可知此处指“体验元素”，故D项正确。
28.考查副词词义辨析。句意：试想，透过巨大的玻璃窗，望着拥挤的街道，轻轻地啜一口咖啡香，这正符合“雅痞”，在忙碌的生活中体验的感觉。A. greedily贪婪地；B. gently轻轻地；C. persistently固执地；D. indifferently冷淡地。根据常识可知，刚煮好的咖啡是非常热的，要一小口一小口轻轻地啜着喝，故B项正
确。
29.考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. busy忙碌的；B. easy简单的； C. miserable悲惨的；D. energetic精力充沛的。根据上文说的拥挤的街道可知，平时的生活节奏是很快的，因此此处指的是“忙碌的生活”，故A项正确。
30.考查名词词义辨析。句意：但星巴克的精髓不在于咖啡，尽管它是很棒的咖啡。A. product产品；B. vision视力；C. essence精髓、精华；D. importance重要性。空后说咖啡只是一种载体，咖啡消费在很大程度上是一种情感和文化层面的消费，因此此处是说星巴克的精髓不在于咖啡，而在于它的文化，故C项正确。
3
【答案】31.D 32.B 33.C 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.C 38.A 39.C 40.D 41.B 42.D 43.A、 44.B 45.A 46.B 47.D 48.C 49.A 50.D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍Ashwaubenon的一个不速之客——野火鸡Smoke，以及它受到到当地人们喜爱的故事。
31.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，Smoke，这只从今年春天起就住在镇上的火鸡，却是独一无二的。A. common普通的；B. smart聪明的；C. wild野生的；D. unique独特的。结合后文描述Smoke追逐移动的汽车，将自己停在路中间的行为，可知Smoke是一只很独特的火鸡。故选D。
32.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这只鸟会跟在移动的车辆后面跑，它会把自己停在路中间来“控制”交通流A. flying能飞的；B. moving移动的；C. resting静止的；D. working有工作的。量。结合上文The bird runs after可推知Smoke会追逐移动中的汽车，故选B。
33.考查名词词义辨析。句意：这只鸟会跟在移动的车辆后面跑，它会把自己停在路中间来“控制”交通流量。A. information信息；B. water水；C. traffic交通；D. air空气。根据后文flow by parking himself in the middle of the road.可知Smoke停在路中间，好像在“控制”交通流量。故选C。
34.考查动词词义辨析。句意：他还以大胆地接近居民并对他们大喊大叫而闻名，就像对他们说“你好”一样。A. approach接近；B. escape逃跑；C. attack攻击；D. scare使害怕。根据后文residents and shout at them可知Smoke会大胆地接近居民并对他们大喊大叫。故选A。
35.考查交际用语。A. sorry句意：他还以大胆地接近居民并对他们大喊大叫而闻名，就像对他们说“你好”一样。抱歉；B. hello你好；C. yes是；D. no不。承接上文residents and shout at them, as though saying可知Smoke会大胆地接近居民并对他们大喊大叫，就像在跟居民们说“你好”打招呼一样。故选B。
36.考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然这只鸟有时会让人有些讨厌，但当地人已经开始喜欢他们的野火鸡居民A. fans狂热者；B. birds鸟类；C. locals当地人；D. cleaners清洁工。了。结合后文have grown to love their resident
可知此处指当地人（locals）已经开始喜欢他们的野火鸟居民了。故选C。
37.考查名词词义辨析。句意：那些通常不与人交往的人在Smoke到来后结成了友谊，用这只新的“共同宠物”作为打破僵局开始对话的开场白。A. classes课程；B. visions梦幻；C. bonds结合；D. shapes形状。结合后文using the new common pet as an ice breaker可知Smoke帮助当地人那些不常与人交往的人打破了僵局，结成了友谊。故选C。
38.考查名词词义辨析。句意：那些通常不与人交往的人在Smoke到来后结成了“友谊”，用这只新的“共同宠物”作为打破僵局开始对话的开场白。A. conversation对话；B. project计划；C. business生意；D. club俱乐部。结合上文using the new common pet as an ice breaker可知当地不与人交往的人用Smoke作为打破僵局开始对话的开场白。故选A。
39.考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了表达他们的喜爱，居民们最近任命Smoke为名誉市长，并在Facebook上建立了一个“火鸡Smoke——Ashwaubenon市长”的页面，让越来越多的Smoke粉丝们了解这只鸟的滑稽A. attitude态度；B. view观察；C. affection喜爱；D. talent才能。动作。根据第二段中have grown to love their resident wild turkey.可知当地人都喜爱Smoke，为了表达他们的喜爱，居民们最近任命Smoke为名誉市长。故选C。
40.考查动词短语辨析。句意：为了表达他们的喜爱，居民们最近任命了Smoke的名誉市长，并在Facebook上建立了一个“火鸡Smoke——Ashwaubenon市长”的页面，让越来越多的Smoke粉丝们了解这只鸟的滑稽动作。A. gave up放弃；B. made up编造；C. put up提供；D. set up建立。结合后文a Facebook page “Smoke Turkey-Mayor of Ashwaubenon” to可知居民们为Smoke建立了（set up）网页。故选D。
41.考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了表达他们的喜爱，居民们最近任命了Smoke的名誉市长，并在Facebook上建立了一个“火鸡Smoke——Ashwaubenon市长”的页面，让越来越多的Smoke粉丝们了解这只鸟的滑稽动作。A. force迫使；B. allow允许；C. require要求；D. beg恳求。结合后文the growing fans to keep up with the bird’s antics.可知建立网页是为了让更多喜欢Smoke的人了解它，短语allow sb. to do sth.表示“允许某人做某事”。故选B。
42.考查名词词义辨析。句意：Randy Tews很清楚Smoke受人欢迎。A. reality现实；B. possibility可能性；C. ability能力；D. popularity受欢迎。结合后文that Smoke’s rising popularity可知此处指Randy Tews很清楚Smoke受人欢迎。故选D。
43.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我认为一些居民会对他的离去感到难过。A. sad悲伤的；B. delighted高兴的；C. annoyed恼怒的；D. excited激动的。结合上文内容可知当地人都很喜欢火鸡Smoke，因此肯定会对他的离去感到悲伤难过才对。故选A。
44.考查动词词义辨析。句意：这只火鸡在人们上班的路上指挥交通，这让他们有了一些值得高兴的事情。A. monitoring监视；B. directing指挥，指导；C. changing改变；D. recording记录。结合第一段中and “controls” … flow by parking himself in the middle of the road.可知火鸡Smoke站在路中间，好像在指挥交通。故选B。
45.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，人们担心，Smoke越来越受欢迎会导致交通事故，因为分心的司机会试图拍一两张照片。A. afraid担心的，害怕的；B. proud自豪的；C. sorry抱歉的；D. sure确信的。根据Smoke越来越受欢迎会导致交通后文that Smoke’s rising popularity will result in road accidents可知人们担心，事故。故选A。
46.考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，人们担心，Smoke越来越受欢迎会导致交通事故，因为分心的司机会试图拍一两张照片。A. rest休息；B. photo照片；C. step台阶；D. turn转弯。上文提到了Smoke很受欢迎，那么慕名而来的司机肯定会为给Smoke拍照而分心，从而导致交通事故。短语take a photo表示“拍照”。故选B。
47.考查副词词义辨析。句意：此外，驾驶员突然踩下刹车以避免撞到这只经常在繁忙的道路上游荡的鸟，这也有可能导致交通堵塞。A. gently温柔地；B. heavily沉重地；C. specially特别地；D. suddenly突然。结合后文stepping on their brakes to avoid hitting the bird司机突然（suddenly）踩下刹车以避免撞到这只经常在繁忙的道路上游荡的鸟，也可能导致交通堵塞。其他选项不符合语境。故选D。
48.考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，驾驶员突然踩下刹车以避免撞到这只经常在繁忙的道路上游荡的鸟，这也有可能导致交通堵塞。A. jumps跳跃；B. jogs慢跑；C. wanders游荡，徘徊；D. lies躺下。根据第一段中by parking himself in the middle of the road可知Smoke经常在路中间徘徊游荡。故选C。
49.考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管经过了几个月的尝试，所有试图抓住并将Smoke带到附近的野生动物救助站的尝试都被证明是不成功的。A. attempts尝试，企图；B. struggles挣扎；C. challenges挑战；D. tricks诡计。结合上文提到的Smoke在路上可能导致安全事故，以及后文to catch and take Smoke to a nearby wildlife rescue station可知人们为了抓住并将Smoke带到附近的野生动物救助站进行了各种尝试。故选A。 50.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管经过了几个月的尝试，所有试图抓住并将Smoke带到附近的野生动物救助站的尝试都被证明是不成功的。A. unfair不公平的；B. unusual不寻常的；C. uneasy不舒服的；D. unsuccessful不成功的。结合后文The turkey seems to love the residents, unwilling to leave the town.可知Smoke不似乎不愿意离开这个镇子，可推知人们想抓住它，并带去附近的野生动物救助站的尝试都没有成功。故选D。
4
【答案】51. D 52. C 53. A 54. D 55. B 56. B 57. A 58. D 59.C 60. B 61. A 62. D 63. B 64. C 65. C 66. A 67.D 68. B 69. C 70. D
【解析】本文向我们介绍了养宠物的好处，可以使我们更健康，寿命更长；那么对于那些对宠物过敏或不想照顾宠物的人来说怎么办呢？机器狗有朝一日会取代真的宠物的。
51.考查形容词。A. excited兴奋的； B. mad疯狂的 ；C. hurried匆忙的；D. healthy健康的。根据后面的句子健康的身体能够增加人的寿命，可知该空健康的，故选D。
52.考查动词词组A. carrying out 执行；B. making up 组成，虚构，化妆 ；C. looking at 看 ；D. breaking down机器出故障，崩溃，化解。根据句意应是几年以来科学家一直在关注宠物和健康之间的联系，故选C。 53.考查动词。A. showed表明，展示；B. warned 警告；C. reminded提醒，使想起； D. 建议advised。根据前句的study研究，应该表达的是研究表明了某事，故选A。
54.考查介词。A. through通过， B. beyond超过；C. against 反对；D. without没有。穿过；根据后面的less than可知是比较级，也就是说有两种情况进行比较，根据语境容易知道答案是without，故选D。
55.考查形容词。A. busier更忙；B. happier更快乐的； C. funnier更可笑的；D. angrier更生气的。根据后句内容人们能够把日常的生活处理得更好吗？可知此处应填更快乐，故选B。
56.考查连词。 A. though虽然，尽管；B. if如果； C. until直到；D. unless除非。通过后一句回答的内容养宠物也许是一个好主意，可知前面应该是一种假设情况，故选B。
57.考查动词词组。A. find out弄清，查明；B. put out熄灭；C. look out 当心； D. set out出发，动身。根据句意Rebecca Johnson教授做研究是为了弄清楚该问题，故选A。
58.考查形容词。A. sick 虚弱的；B. friendly友好的；C. lovely可爱的；D. old 旧的，老的。通过后一句内容研究发现养宠物的人年龄增长比较缓慢，可推断出是 Johnson教授教那些护士如何照顾老人，故选D。 59.考查名词。A. move 移动；B. grow生长；C. age 年龄 ；D. walk步子。根据句意：研究发现养宠物的人年龄增长缓慢，故选C。
60.考查形容词A. bored烦恼的 B. good好的；C. sleepy昏昏欲睡的； D. surprised 吃惊的。通过后一句 Others make people feel bad. 可知前面的空应填good，故选B。
61.考查名词。A. study学习，研究； B. work工作 ；C. story故事；D. case事件。文章多次出现这是Johnson教授做的研究，即study，故选A。
62.考查动词。A. changed改变；B. varied 变化，不同 ；C. fell 落下； D. rose上升。该句中的while表对比，根据后半句的意思坏的化学物质量在下降，故可推断出好的化学物质的量在上升，故选D。
63.考查名词。 A. sides 边； B. chemicals 化学物质 ；C. studies研究，学习；D. dogs狗。 根据后面内容“可以使细胞衰老变慢” ，可知是上文提到的good chemicals；故选B。
64.考查形容词。A. unusual不寻常的；B. important重要的；C. true 真实的 ；D. impossible不可能的。根据句意：如果上述研究结果是真的，人们就多花时间跟宠物在一起，故选C。
65.考查名词。A. neighbors邻居；B. friends 朋友； C. pets 宠物；D. children孩子。本文主要讲的是养宠物的好处，故选C。
66.考查动词。A. live 生活，活； B. wander 徘徊； C. stay 呆在，停留 ；D. travel旅行。根据句意：人们会感觉更好活得更长，故选A。
67.考查动词词组。A. head for前往；B. search for 寻找；C. cheer for 为…欢呼； D. care for照顾，照看。根据句意：或者你不想照顾宠物…，故选D。
68.考查名词。A. computer电脑； B. baby婴儿；C. family家庭 ；D. toy玩具。根据前文可知科学家正在检测电子宠物是否有真的宠物的作用，故选B。
69.考查形容词。A. brave 勇敢的 ；B. faithful 忠诚的 ；C. real真的，真实的；D. quiet 安静的。根据后句Will a robotic pet ____20____the real pet sitting with you on the sofa?提示可知，科学家正在检测电子宠物是否有真的宠物的作用。故选C。
70.考查动词。A. destroy 破坏，毁坏 ；B. accompany陪伴； C. improve 提高，改善；D. replace 取代。根据句意：一只机器狗将会代替一只真的狗与你一起坐在沙发上吗？故选D。
08 定语从句-2021年新高考英语二轮复习语法及题型大全 - 图文
