= = =
2?
b?20.000812)(0.967?)?aaa??aHA(已电离)b1K??HA?????6.68?10?5baHA0.00919?10.009190.00919(未电离)?HAHAb?(?? 说明: 近似认为未电离的HA的活度系数 HA = 1 习题
解:由5-13式得 (盐) = – = S/m
m (盐) =( 2×
+2× ×10-4 = Sm2/mol
C = (盐)/m (盐) = = mol/m3 = ×10-4 mol/L
习题
解:由5-21式得 I =××12+×22+×12) = mol · kg-1
第六章 电化学
习题
(1)解: (-) Cu (s) → Cu2+(a Cu2+) + 2e (+) 2Ag+ (a Ag+) + 2e→ 2Ag (s)
电池反应: Cu (s) + 2Ag+ (a Ag+) → Cu2+ ( a Cu2+) + 2Ag (s)
(2)解: (-) H2 ( pH2) → 2H+ (a H+) +2 e (+) 2Ag +(a Ag+) + 2e → 2Ag (s)
电池反应: H2 ( pH2) +2 Ag+ (a Ag+) → 2H+ (a H+) + 2Ag (s) (3)解: (-) Ag (s) + Br(a Br-) → AgBr (s) + e (+) AgCl (s) + e → Ag (s) + Cl- (a Cl-)
电池反应: Br (a Br-) + AgCl (s) → AgBr (s) + Cl- (a Cl-) (4)解: (-) Sn2+ (a Sn2+) → Sn4+(a Sn4+) + 2e (+) 2Fe3+ (a Fe3+) +2e → 2Fe2+ (a Fe2+)
电池反应: Sn2+ (a Sn2+) + 2Fe3+(a Fe3+) → Sn4+(a Sn4+) + 2Fe2+ (a Fe2+) (5)解: (-) Pb (s) + SO42-(a SO42-) → PbSO4 (s) + 2e (+) Cu2+(a Cu2+) +2e→ Cu (s)
-
-
电池反应:Pb (s) + Cu2+ (a Cu2+) + SO42-(a SO42-) → PbSO4 (s) + Cu (s)
习题
(1)解:Zn (s)│ZnSO4 (aq)║CuSO4 (aq)│Cu (s)
(2)解:Ag (s)︱AgI (s)│I-(a I)║Cl- (a Cl-)│AgCl (s)︱Ag (s) (3)解:Pt (s)│Fe2+(a Fe2+),Fe3+(a Fe3+)║Ag+(a Ag+)│Ag (s) (4)解:Pt (s)︱H2 ( pH2)│H+(a H+)│O2 ( pO2)︱Pt (s) (5)解:Ag (s)︱AgCl (s)│Cl-(a Cl-)│Cl2 ( pCl2)︱Pt (s) 习题
解: 设293K时电池电动势为E: E = ×10-5(293 273 ) + = V
设反应中 n = 2
ΔrGm = nFE = 2× ×96485 = kJ/mol ΔrSm = 2×96485 ×(×10-5) = K· mol
ΔrHm =ΔrGm +TΔrSm = + 293×(×10-3 = kJ/mol QR = TΔrSm = 293K×( ×10-3= kJ/mol W ′max = ΔrGm = kJ/mol
ΔrUm = QR + W ′max = = kJ/mol
习题
解:负极(氧化反应):Zn (s) → Zn2+(a Zn2+) + 2e
正极(还原反应):Cu2+(a Cu2+) + 2e → Cu (s) 电池反应: Zn (s) + Cu2+(a Cu2+) → Zn2+(a Zn2+) + Cu (s) (1)反应中 n = 2
E = φ+ φ- = ( =
E?E??RTaZn2?RT0.1ln?1.100?ln?1.100V nFaCu2?nF0.1(2)ΔrGm = nFE = 2××96485 = kJ/mol
ΔrG= RT lnK = nFE
lnK = 2××96485 /×298 ) =
K = ×1037 习题
解:负极(氧化反应):Zn (s) → Zn2+ (a Zn2+) + 2e
正极(还原反应):2Tl+ (a Tl+) + 2e → 2Tl (s)
电池反应: Zn (s) + 2Tl+ (a Tl+) → Zn2+(a Zn2+) + 2Tl (s) (1)E = φ+ φ- = V ( = (2)反应中 n = 2
E?E?? 习题
a2?RT8.314?2980.95lnZn2?0.4267?ln?0.4255V 2F(aTi?)2?964850.932解:负极(氧化反应): ( p ) → H+(a H+) + e
正极(还原反应): AgBr (s) + e→ Ag (s) + Br-(a Br-) 电池反应: ( p ) + AgBr (s) → Ag (s) + HBr (a) 反应中 n = 1
E?E??RT2RT2RTblnaHBr?E??ln???ln? FFFbF(E??E)b96485?(0.07103?0.200)0.100?ln???ln??0.208 ln???2RTb2?8.314?2981r=
习题
解:(1)?玻??玻??2.303RT?logaH???玻?0.05916PH FpHx = pHS + (Ex ES)/
= + / = (2) Ex = ES (pHS pHx)
= =
习题
解:(1)设计电池:Pt (s)︱H2 ( p)│HI (a ±=1)│I2 (s)︱Pt (s)
(2)反应中 n = 2
E =φ+ φ- = V
lnK = 2×96485×(×298)=
K = ×1018
(3)反应中 n = 1, E相同,K (2)= [K (1)]1/2 =×109
电池的E和E与电池反应的书写方式无关,而K与电池反应的书写方式有关。 习题
解:(1)设计的电池为: Pt (s)︱H2 ( p)│H2SO4 · kg-1)│Ag2SO4 (s)︱Ag (s)
负极(氧化反应): H2 ( p) → 2H+(a H+) + 2e
正极(还原反应):Ag2SO4 (s) + 2e→ 2Ag (s) + SO42-( a SO42-) 电池反应: H2 ( pH2 ) + Ag2SO4 (s) → 2Ag (s) + 2H+(a H2 ) + SO2-( a SO2-) (2) E?0.627?0?8.314?298ln0.1?0.22?0.698
2?96485(3)设计的电池为: Ag (s)│Ag+(a Ag+)║SO42-( a SO42-)│Ag2SO4 (s)︱Ag (s)
负极(氧化反应): 2Ag (s) → 2 Ag+(a Ag+) + 2e
正极(还原反应): Ag2SO4 (s) + 2e→ 2Ag (s) + SO42-( a SO42-) 电池反应: Ag2SO4 (s) → 2 Ag+(a Ag+)+ SO42-( a SO42-)
E = = lnKsp???2?96485?(?0.172)??13.3965
8.314?298?6 Ksp?1.52?10 习题
解:首先明确两个电极反应,然后根据电极反应写出电池表示式。电池的最高电压就是电池的电动势,可以由参与电池反应的物质的标准化学势数据求出。介质酸碱性对电池电动势的影响,根据介质改变后电池反应的变化而定。如果电池反应改变了,反应的Gibbs自由能就会发生改变,电池的最高电压也将发生改变。
电解质溶液为酸性时:
负极(氧化反应): CH4 ( p) + 2H2O (l) → CO2 ( p) + 8H+(aH+) + 8e
正极(还原反应): 2O2 ( p) + 8H+(aH+) + 8e→ 4H2O (l) 电池反应: CH4 ( p) + 2O2 ( p) → CO2 ( p) + 2H2O (l) 电池表示式: Pt (s)︱CO2 ( p) , CH4 ( p)│H+(a H+ )│O2 ( p)︱Pt (s) 电池电动势: ?fGm??nFE
E????fGmnF??[?394.38?2?(?237.19)?(?50.79)]?1.06V
8?96485电解质溶液为碱性时:
负极(氧化反应):CH4 ( p) + 10OH-(a OH-) → CO32- (a CO32-)+ 7H2O (l) + 8e 正极(还原反应): 2O2 ( p) + 4H2O (l) + 8e→ 8OH-a OH-) 电池反应: CH4 ( p) + 2O2 ( p) + 2OH-(a OH) → 3H2O (l) + CO32-(a CO32-) 电池表示式:Pt (s)︱CH4 ( p)│CO32-( a CO32-=1)║OH-(a OH-=1)│O2 ( p)︱Pt (s) 电池电动势: E = Δf G / nF
= [( +3×( ( 2×(]×103/(8×96485)=
由计算可知,电解质溶液不同,电池反应也不同,因而反应的ΔrG发生改变,电池的标准电动势也发生改变。
虽然电解质溶液为碱性时电动势较高。但是,电解质溶液为碱性时,碱液作为原料不断被消耗掉,变成副产物碳酸盐,从收益及效益两方面综合分析,电解质溶液为酸性时更具有实用价值。 习题
解:负极(氧化反应): Pb (s) → Pb2+ (a = + 2e 正极(还原反应): Cl2(p) +2e → 2Cl- (a =
电池反应: Pb (s) + Cl2(p) → Pb2+ (a = + 2Cl- (a = E = + =
E = ERT/nFln a Pb2+ a2 Cl-= ×298/(2×96485)××= ΔrGm = nFE = 2××96485 C /mol= kJ/mol lnK = nFE /RT = 2×96485××298 =
K = ×1050