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Lesson 11 Highway Engineering
第11课 高速公路工程
Highway engineering includes highway planning, location, design, and maintenance.Before the design and construction of a new highway or highway improvement can beundertaken, there must be general planning and consideration of financing. As part ofgeneral planning, it is decided what the traffic needs of the area will be for a considerableperiod generally 20 years, and what construction will meet those needs. To assess trafficneeds the highway engineer collectsand analyzes information about the physical features ofexisting facilities, the volume, distribution, and character of present traffic and the changesto be expected in these factors. The highway engineer must determine the most suitablelocation, layout, and capacity of the new routes and structures. Frequently, a preliminary line,or location, and several alternate routes are studied. The detailed design is normally begunonly when the preferred location has been chosen.
高速公路工程包括高速公路计划.选址.设计和高速公路保养。当一项高速公路工程设计建设或是改造之前，必须大致地计划考虑一下费用问题。作为概要计划的一部分，该地区在可预见的时段内（如20年）的交通流量，以及何种建设才能满足这种需求将是决定因素。为了评估交通需求量，高速公路工程师通过采集分析现有设备提供的
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物理数据信息——包括车流量，分布，现有交通工具的特征以及蕴涵在这些因素中的可以预知的变化。高速公路工程师必须决定新路线建筑最适合的位置.布局以及容量。通常情况下，一条初步的线路或选址和若干备选路线都会被拿来研究。细节方面设计通常在一个更佳的选址确定下来之后才开始。
In selecting the best route, careful consideration is given to the traffic requirements,terrain to be traversed, value of land needed for the right-of-way, and estimated cost ofconstruction for the various plans. The photogrammetric method, which makes use of aerialphotographs, is used extensively to indicate the character of the terrain on large projects,where it is most economical. On small projects, ground-mapping methods are preferred.
为了选择最佳路线，需要仔细考虑的问题包括：交通需求，（路线）横贯的地带，可通行道路的土地价值以及各种方案的结构开销的预算。在一些大型项目中，利用了航拍技术的摄影测量法被广泛用于显示该地带的特征，这也是一种最经济的方法。在那些小型工程中，地面绘图法已经很完美了。
Financing considerations determine whether the project can be carried out at one timeor whether construction must be in stages, with each stage initiated as funds becomeavailable. In deciding the best method of financi
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ng the work, the engineer makes an analysisof whom it will benefit. Important highways and streets benefit, in varying degrees, threegroups: users, owners of adjacent property, and the general public.
资金方面的考虑决定了一项工程是一次性实施还是是否必须分阶段建设，每阶段建设等资金到位后才开始。在决定最经济的实施方案时，工程师通过分析它的盈利性来定夺的。高速公路，街道（考虑）盈利性的三个优先顺序（依次）为：使用者，所有权上（最）邻近的所有者，大众。
Users of improved highways benefit from decreased cost of transportation, greatertravel comfort, increased safety, and saving of time. They also obtain recreational andeducational benefits. Owners of abutting or adjacent property may benefit from better access,increased property value, more effective police and fire protection, improved street parking,greater pedestrian traffic safety, and the use of the street right-of-way for the location ofpublic utilities, such as water lines and sewers.
使用者通过降低运输费用，提高旅行舒适度，增加安全性，节约时间来提高高速公路利润。他们也获得娱乐的和教育上的好处。所有权毗邻的所有者可以通过更好的路线，提升所有权价值，更加高效的警察机关和消防保护，改善停车环境，为步行者提供更安全的交通环
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境，当地可通行道路（沿线）的公共设施，（诸如）水管和下水道的使用情况。
Evaluation of various benefits from highway construction is often difficult but is a mostphase of highway engineering. Some benefits can be measured with accuracy, but theevaluation of others is more speculative. As a result numerous methods are used to finance
construction, and much engineering work may be involved in selecting the best procedure
对通过高速公路建设获得的各种利益的评估通常是困难的，但对一个高速公路工程来讲也是一个最重要的阶段。有一些利益可以被精确计算出，另有一些就具有相当的投机性。因此要使用许多种办法来使（工程）建设（变的）更加经济，并且许多工程上的工作都会牵涉到最佳程序的选择上。
Environmental evaluation. The environmental impact of constructing highways hasreceived increased attention and importance. Many projects have been delayed andnumerous others canceled because of environmental problems. The environmental study orreport covers factors, including noise generation, air pollution, disturbance of areas traversed,destruction of existing housing, a nd possible alternate routes.
环境价值
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环境因素在高速公路建设中正被越来越重视，也突现出越来越高的重要性。由于环境问题导致工程被搁置甚至取消的事例，不胜枚举。环境方面的研究或调查涉及许多因素，包括噪声的产生，空气污染，对横贯地区的扰乱，对现有房屋以及可能的预备路线的破坏。 Right-of-way acquisition
Highway engineers must also assist in the acquisition of
right-of-way needed for new highway facilities. Acquisition of the land required forconstruction of expressways leading into the central business areas of cities has provedextremely difficult; the public is demanding that traffic engineers work closely with cityplanners, architects, sociologists, and all groups interested in beautification and improvementof cities to assure that expressways extending through metropolitan areas be built only aftercoordinated evaluation of all major questions, including the following:
可通行道路的获得
高速公路工程师也必须协助得到用于新高速公路设备的可通行道路。通向市区商业中心的高速公路建设的土地的获得已被证明是非常困难的。公众需要交通工程师和城市规划者，建筑师，社会学家，以及所有对美化城市环境，提升城市功能感兴趣的团体紧密合作以确保在协调好所有主要问题（方面）的利益后再（开始）建贯通首要区域的高速公路。主要问题包括以下几点：
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最新土木工程专业英语第二版(段兵延)Lesson11
