本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助:
情态动词的语法特征
1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。 3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。 4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。 比较can 和be able to
1)can, could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。 2)只用be able to a. 位于助动词后。 b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。 d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to, 不能用could。 He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out. 注意:could不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。 --- Could I have the television on? --- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。 He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。 比较may和might
1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。 May God bless you! He might be at home.
注意: might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。 2) 成语: may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为\不妨\。 If that is the case, we may as well try. 典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will 答案B. 表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。 比较have to和must
1)两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要, must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
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2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3) 在否定结构中: don't have to表示\不必\mustn't表示\禁止\,
You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。 You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。 must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为\一定\。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时, must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。 比较:
He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。 He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it. 5) 否定推测用can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。
表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下: 1)情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。 I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时,我们老师想必在批改试卷。 3)情态动词+动词完成时。 表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December. 明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。 The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。 4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
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表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can, may。 情态动词+have+过去分词
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2)must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有\肯定\,\谅必\的意思。
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. ---She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示\不该做某事而做了\。 You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment. He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。) ought to 在语气上比should 要强。 4) needn't have done sth本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot. 5) would like to have done sth本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then. should和ought to
should 和ought to 都为\应该\的意思,可用于各种人称。 ---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。 had better表示最好
had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。 had better do sth had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为\本来最好\。 You had better have come earlier. would rather表示\宁愿\would rather do would rather not do
would rather… than…宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示\宁愿\、\宁可\的意思。 If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
高中英语语法专项复习之代词
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本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之代词进行详细介绍,希望对大家的学习有所帮助:
人称代词的用法
1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如: John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her作主语补语)
a. -- Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶? b. -- Me.--我。(me作主语补语= It's me.)
说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
人称代词之主、宾格的替换 1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。 ---- I like English.--我喜欢英语。 ---- Me too.--我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗? ---- Not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am. 2) 主格代替宾格
a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。 b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。 ---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。 I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格) I thought it to be her.(宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格----主格)
They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格) 代词的指代问题
1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。
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Nobody came, did he?谁也没来,是吗?
2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food. She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。 3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。 并列人称代词的排列顺序
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为: 第二人称 -> 第三人称 -> 第一人称 you -> he/she;it -> I
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为: 第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称 we->you ->They
注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。 a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,
It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称, 如:I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。 物主代词
1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk. 约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构,例如: Jack's cap意为 The cap is Jack's. His cap 意为 The cap is his. 2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能 a. 作主语,例如:
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。 b. 作宾语,例如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。 c. 作介词宾语,例如:
You should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。 d. 作主语补语,例如:
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。 双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。
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