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▲ 动名词做宾语
1、 什么动词后面跟动名词,什么动词后跟不定式或两者都可以,完全是英语语言习惯,必须死记硬背。
下列动词后只能用动名词。Mind介意, finish, enjoy, require, delay延误, postpone推迟, practice练习, avoid, consider, deny不承认, give up, put off推迟, advise, favor, encourage鼓励, imagine等。
2、 like, love, hate, begin, start等动词后即可用不定式也可以用动名词。它们之间的区别与
做主语和表语时一样。有时界限并不十分明显,可以换用。 ● He doesn’t like seeing films.(泛指) ● He doesn’t like to see this film. 我不喜欢看这个电影。(具体)
3、 在下列动词后可以跟不定式,也可以跟动名词,但意思大不相同。
stop
● I stopped smoking last year. 去年我就不吸烟了。
● Let’s stop to have cigarettes to calm our nerves. 我们停下来,吸支烟定定神儿。 help
● He can’t help crying. 他情不自禁哭起来。
● I can’t help to clean the room. 我不能帮着打扫房间。 remember
● I don’t remember borrowing money from you. 我不记得向你借过钱。
● Remember to close the window when you leave. 别忘了离开时把窗子关上。 forget
● I forget seeing him before. 我忘了我见过他。
● Don’t forget to take the raincoat with you. 别忘了带着雨衣。 try
● We will try to win the match. 我们将努力打赢这场比赛。
● Try calling her again. She may come back. 试着再给她打个电话。她也许回来了。 regret
● I regret not studying English hard. 我后悔没有努力学英语。
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(regret—懊悔,studying表示发生在谓语动作之前。) ● I regret to say I can’t go to see the film with you. 我很抱歉不能和你一起去看电影。 (regret—抱歉,to say是指现在。)
1.You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. --Well, now I regret _______ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 1.D regret doing sth (或 having done sth)=后悔做……。
Regret to do sth=抱歉或者遗憾做……。
该句用well表示转折。现在后悔了。所以要用D。 propose
● I propose to go there by air. 我打算坐飞机去。
(propose—打算,go there指自己去。) ● He proposes going there by air. 他建议坐飞机去。
(propose—建议;going there是泛指;不见得是他本人。)
在need, want, clean, require, to be worth等词后面跟动名词时,一般不用被动,用不定式需用被动。
as--尽管 as引导让步状语从句时,句子通常倒装。可与though互换 as--因为,通常放在句首。
情态动词
一、 “must do (be) ” must be doing”表示对现在情况的推测
“must have done (been)”表示对过去情况的推测。
二、 should/ought to “should/ought to have done (been).”表示过去应该做而没有做
三、could “could have done(been)”表示过去时间里某个动作或某种情况本来能发生,但事实上并未
发生。
四、had better和would rather, would sooner.. than后都直接接动词原形。
would rather后跟从句时用一般过去时。
I’d rather you gave me nothing. 注意:had better =’d better; would rather=’d rather; would sooner=’d sooner
In fact, I would rather watch TV at home than see films .
注意:would rather与Rather than的区别, rather than前面是什么样的动词形式后面相同
● If English study is to contribute to your future competence 能力rather than to show up , it should
be learnt systematically.
五、May置于句首表示祝愿●May you both be happy!祝二位幸福!
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区别动词后的是不定式符号,还是介词
be accustomed to(习惯),adapt to (适于),attend to (专心,),confess to(承认),devote to (献身),object to (反对),be opposed to(反对),look forward to(盼望)be used to (习惯),[used to do注意区别]
⑴ spend…(in) doing表示:“花费”。例如:
⑵ have接“逆境”“顺境”的词,其后的in常省略而继续接动名词。 have difficult (trouble a hard time)(in) + doing 区别:have sth to do
下列的惯用语中要用动名词
cannot help doing(=cannot but do)“禁不住” It is no use doing…(=It is of no use to do…)“无用” be worth doing“值得” be busy doing“忙于”
feel like doing “想要” What (or how) about doing...“如何” It goes without saying that…“用不着说
主语与谓语动词的一致
⑴ 当复数主语当作“单一的数量”看时,谓语用单数形式;否则用复数。 ●The thousand dollars is a big sum.
●Two thousand dollars are divided among them ●Three years is too long a period to wait.
⑵名词physics物理、身体,maths数学, economics, politics政治, news(新闻),means(方法),works(工厂),measles[医]麻疹等一般被认为形式是复数,意思是单数的名词,它们做主语的时候动词一般用单数形式。
⑶集合名词family, committee委员会, club, team团队, government, audience听众, 观众等,代表集合体时一般用单数谓语;代表集合体的组成分子时用复数谓语。 ●The committee does not meet today. ●The committee are at dinner. ●His family is not large. ●His family are five
⑷ a person of, many a person , a series of 系列,a kind of ,a pair of 一双等用来修饰主语时,谓语动词用单数。
⑸ half, part, majority(大多数)以及百分比或分数词修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词的数与名词的数一致。 ●Half of students have gone to the countryside 半数学生去了农村。
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●Half of our work is done.
我们干了一半活。
●Two-thirds of steel has been used up to now. 到目前为止,已经用了三分之二的钢材。
●The majority of these birds fly to the south for winter. 大多数鸟飞到南方过冬了
●The majority of the homework is useful. 大多数作业是有用的。
⑹ 当主语是a number of+复数名词时,谓语动词用复数;当主语是the number of+名词时,谓语动词用单数。
⑺主语前有many a (许多),more than one(不止一个)修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:
⑻ either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also… 连接两个名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数要与后一个名词一致。即与or, nor, but also后的名词一致。
⑾ 动名词、不定式、从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。当有两个或两个以上用复数形式。
⑿ “the+形容词”表示人时,谓语动词用复数形式;表示抽象名词时,谓语动词用单数。 (一人身兼两个之位,用一个the,用单数)
倒装
一、句首是以下副词或短语时需倒装:out, up, here, there, down, off, often, many, a time 二、“only +状语(副词或介词短语或从句)起首的句子”
三、句首含有否定副词短语时需要倒装:hardly, little, scarcely几乎不, seldom, never, rarely, at no time(在任何时候都不),in no sense(一点也不),not until…, no sooner… than, hardly (scarcely)… when…, not only…but also…,.
四、so, neither和nor置于句首,句子要倒装。Nor和neither可以互换。 注意和下句比较:(是否倒装看两个主语是否一致)
Are you a student ? —So am I. — It is cold today. — So it is. 今天天冷。是很冷。
表示前种情况也适用于后种情况时用倒装。若当so引出的句子是对上文的内容加以证实或肯定时,则不用倒装。
五、as引导的让步状语从句as引导的让步状语从句中使用倒装句。 ●Old as he is , he still works in the field.
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六、if 引导的虚拟条件句中包含should, had , were.
if引导的虚拟条件句中如果包含should, had , were,则可将if省略而将这些助动词提到主语之前,构成倒装句。
强调句 一、强调的基本形式
It is (was)+被强调部分+ that(who)…考生运用这一结构时要注意以下几点:
⑴主句的谓语只能是is或was。
⑵当被强调部分是句子的主语,且主语是人时才能用who,其它用that。
⑶强调结构中的连词that或who都不能省略。
⑷当强调until引导的从句时要将until原对应主句中的not提到until之前,即变成强调句型后,that引导的从句要用肯定句。
●It was not until she arrived in class that she realized she had forgotten her book.
直到她进了教室,她才意识到她忘了带书。
⑸强调结构不能强调谓语。
附加疑问句强调句
一、
附加疑问句的构成
附加疑问句由两部分构成:陈述句+附加句。一般的规则是:前肯定,后否定;前否定,后肯定 二、陈述句部分有表示否定的副词
若陈述句部分已有表示否定的hardly, scarcely, never, seldom等词时,附加问句部分要用肯定。 三、祈使句的附加问句
⑴祈使句的附加问句一般用“will you”。例如:
⑵let us或let me表示请求许可时,反意疑问部分用will you?let’s表示建议,反意疑问部分用“shall we”。 ●Please let us have more time, will you? ●Let’s go home, shall we?
祈使句中除了let’s。开头的句子,其反意问句用shall we?外,其他的都有will you?
四、宾语从句的附加问句
当suppose, think, believe, expect,等动词后接宾语从句,且主句的主语是第一人称时,句末的附加疑问句部分与宾语从句部分一致。即宾语从句是肯定,附加问句用否定;宾语从句是否定,附加问句就用肯定。
●I suppose you’re not serious, are you?
虚拟语气动词时态变化的规则
虚拟语气是将句子动词原本应该使用的时态向后退一步,以表示该句与事实相反。后退的方法如下: 现在时────退──过去时