Unit5 A Theme parks语法篇
__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 要求学生掌握本单元的重点语法----英语构词法并能熟练运用相关语法知识解决相应类型的题。 英语构词法种类
英语构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。 定义与精讲
1.合成:两个单词连在一起合成一个新词,前一个词修饰或限定后一个词。 合成名词的主要构成方式 (1)名词+名词
sunlight 阳光 handbag 手提包 (2)形容词+名词
blackboard 黑板 darkroom 暗室 (3)副词/介词+名词
afternoon 下午 uproar 喧嚣 (4)动词+名词
postcard 明信片 pickpocket 扒手 (5)名词+动名词
sightseeing 观光 handwriting 书法 (6)动词+副词
get-together 聚会 break-through 突破 (7)其他方式构成的合成名词
passer-by 过路人 grown-up 成年人 合成形容词的主要构成方式 (1)名词+形容词
snow-white 雪白的 world-famous 世界闻名的 (2)形容词+名词
open-air 户外的 old-style 旧式的 (3)名词/形容词+名词+-ed
kind-hearted 好心的 blue-eyed 蓝眼睛的 (4)名词/形容词/副词+现在分词
good-looking 好看的 well-written 写得好的 合成动词的主要构成方式 (1)名词+动词
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sunbathe 晒日光浴 typewrite 打字 (2)副词+动词
underline 画底线标出 overcome 克服 (3)形容词+动词
blacklist 将……列入黑名单 whitewash 用石灰水把……刷白
1)有些合成词保留了原来两个单词的意思。 keyword 关键词 toothache 牙痛 2)有些合成词与原来两个单词的意思区别很大。 eggplant 茄子 parkway 驾车专用道注意: 2.派生:是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。 前缀
词根加前缀多数不改变词性,只改变词义。
(1) 表示相反意义的前缀有:un-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,non-,dis-, mis-等。如: ①名词派生词 imbalance 不平衡 displeasure不快 ②形容词派生词
impatient 不耐烦的 uncommon 不普通的 ③动词派生词 disagree 不同意 inactivate使不活跃
(2)表示其他意义的前缀有:re- (重新), anti- (反,防), bi- (双),en- (使成为), co- (共同), sub- (下面的), post- (后的), fore- (先的),pre- (预先的), auto- (自动的), inter- (之间的), super- (超级的,上层的)等。如:retell复述 superman 超人 subway 地铁 international 国际的 后缀
许多名词、形容词、副词和动词是由词根加后缀构成的。 (1)构成名词的后缀
①-er, -or, -ist, -ee, -ian, -ese, -ant 等构成表示人或事物的名词。如: employee 雇员 translator 翻译家
②-ance, -ence, -ancy, -(a)tion, -sion, -ment, -bility, -ship,-hood, -age, -ing, -ity, -ness, -th, -ty, -ism 等构成表示行为、性质、状态等的抽象名词。如: invention发明 movement运动
(2)构成形容词的常用后缀有:-able, -ible, -al, -ful, -less, -ish, -ive, -ous, -ent, -y 等。如:
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responsible 负责的 natural 天然的
(3)构成副词的常用后缀有:-ly, -ward, -wise 等。如: carefully 细心地 otherwise 否则
(4)构成动词的常用后缀有:-ise (ize), -en, -ify 等。如: realize 意识到 strengthen 加强
3.转化: 英语中有些单词,词形不变, 词性却可以由一种转化成另一种。一个单词由某一种词类转用为另一种词类, 这就是转化。单词转换后的意义往往与未转换前的意义有密切的联系。 转化法 动词转化为名词
很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数意思没有多大的变化(如下①);有时意思有一定变化(如下②);有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作(如下③)。如: ① Let’s go out for a walk.
我们到外面去散散步吧。
他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
② He is a man of strong build.
③ Let’s have a swim.咱们游泳吧。 名词转化为动词
很多表示物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,某些抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。如:
E.g.①Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗? E.g.②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。
E.g.③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护她丈夫,使他恢复了健康。 E.g.④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。 形容词转化为动词
有少数形容词可以转化为动词。
E.g. We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。
E.g. Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终将败露。 形容词转化为名词
表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①);某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数(如下②)。 E.g.①You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。 E.g.②The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 4.截短法(缩略法)
截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。 1)截头
telephone → phone aeroplane → plane
omnibus → bus
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2)去尾
mathematics → maths co-operate → co-op examination → exam kilogram → kilo laboratory → lab 3)截头去尾
influenza → flu 5.混合法(混成法)
混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast → newscast新闻广播 smoke and fog → smog烟雾 6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。
very important person→ VIP(读字母音)要人;大人物 television→TV(读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language →TOEFL托福
例1.(2019湖北孝感月考)In recent years many new roads have been built, which are of great ______to the areas around. A. distance
B. benefit
C. scenery
D. puzzle
例 2.(2019浙江)We most prefer to say yes to the ______ of someone we know and like. A. attempts
B. requests
C. doubts
D. promises
television broadcast →telecast电视播送 helicopter airport → heliport直升飞机场
refrigerator → fridge
prescription → script
taxicab → taxi
例3.(2019江苏鹰潭期末)It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park. It was ____ journey.
A. three hour
B. a three-hours
例4.(2019浙江杜桥月考)The incomes of skilled workers went up. _____ , unskilled workers saw their earnings fall.
A. Moreover B. Therefore
C. Meanwhile
D. Otherwise
例5.(2019江西赣州期中)He tried to ________ some childhood memory ,which would tell him tell him whether he come to London. A. make out
B. set out
C. take out
D. squeeze out
基础演练
一、给下列单词加上前缀dis-,un-,in-或im-来构成反义词 1. complete __________ 2.proper __________ 3. visible __________
4.comfort __________
C. a three-hour D. three hours
5. practical _________ 6.seen __________ 7. fit _________ 8.like ___________
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9. happy __________ 10.formal __________ 二、单选
1. -- How much do you ________ for mending my bike? -- Only one dollar, sir. A. pay
B. charge
C. offer
D. apply
2. What about the two of us ________ to the newly opened theme park in our city this afternoon? A. going
B. to go
C. go
D. will go
3. Most members of the committee were in favour of the suggestion; only a ________ were against it. A. majority
B. minority
C. quantity
D. amount
4. In October, the price of the ________ to Mount Tai has risen by 50 yuan. A. permission
B. admission
C. introduction
D. instruction
5. -- She is unhappy.
-- So she is. She has got ________ in the quarrel between Jane and Susan. A. involved
B. involve
C. involving
D. involvement
6. Not only the USA and Russia but also China ________ manned satellites to circle the earth. A. has sent up
B. has been sent up
C. have sent up
D. have been sent up
7. While seeing the film, what had happened on the battlefield ________ in the old man’s mind. A. made a life
B. made a living
C. come to life
D. come to live
8. We all know that a good sleeping bag is a necessary part of every camper’s ________. A. experiment
B. entertainment
C. equipment
D. settlement
9. -- Can you tell me why more and more people choose to shop in a supermarket? -- Because it offers a great ________ of goods. A. variety
B. mixture
C. connection
D. combination
10. -- How could they forget the airline tickets? -- They were in ________.
A. a rush so anxious B. a such anxious rush
C. so an anxious rush D. such an anxious rush
11. He didn’t want to stay in this hotel because it didn’t ________ his expectations. A. meet
B. please
C. fill
D. express
12. ________ an actual occurrence, the film Huo Yuanjia will be popular with many people. A. Basing on
B. Based on
C. To base on
D. Base on
13. All the computer in this factory must go through strict ________ before going to the market. A. search
B. check
C. test
D. observe
14. It was not what he said but the way ________ he said it that made all the people laugh. A. in which
B. which
C. how
D. in that
15. It is the custom for people to get together on New Year’s Eve, ________ with each other. A. making
B. getting
C. having
D. amusing
巩固提高
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人教版高中英语必修四 Unit5 Theme parks-语法篇(学生版)
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