《英语语言学》练习题一 参考答案
练习题第1套参考答案
I.
II.
1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8.T 9.F 10. T 11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. T
a. [m] b. [w] c. [l] d. [b] e. [I]
III. (ommited)
IV. a. A bluebird refers to a kind of bird. A blue bird means a bird whose feathers are blue.
b. A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper who keeps lighthouse. A light housekeeper means a housekeeper who is light. V. The relation between bank1 and bank2 is homonymy.
VI. a. tautology b. contradiction c. inconsistency d. synonymy e. entailment
VII. 1. The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional (geographical) dialects, sociolects (social dialects) and registers (functional varieties).
The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form. A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area. Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social classes. Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use”, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are “varieties according to user.” 2. The maxim of quantity:
(i) Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of exchange. (ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. The maxim of quality:
Try to make your contribution one that is true. (i) Do not say what you believe to be false.
(ii) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. The maxim of relevance: Make your contributions relevant. The maxim of manner:
(i) Avoid obscurity of expression. (ii) Avoid ambiguity. (iii) Be brief. (iv) Be orderly.
3． Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors. The trans ference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to as mapping. 练习题第2套参考答案
I. 1. descriptive 2. places, voicing 3. Allophones 4.morpheme 5. signifier, signified 6. structure 7. diphthongs 8. accidental 9. Meaning, sounds 10. metalanguage 11. interpersonal, textual I. II.
voiced 2. fricative 3. labial 4. alveolar 5. high, vowel
1. This is a dress for beautiful girls.
This is a beautiful dress for girls.
2. Tom hates his boss and I hate his boss too. Tom hates his boss and I hate my boss too.
III.
a) The Whit House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the American government. A white house refers to a house which is painted white.
b) A redcoat refers to a British soldier who is in red coat. A red coat means a coat whose color is red.
IV. V.
(ommited)
1. Ideational function --- we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved (language serves as a cording system which deals with the relation between man and nature);
·Interpersonal function --- we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy (language servers as a medium between individuals);
·Textual function --- language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place (when language is in use, playing the above two functions, it naturally forms a text). 2. Metaphors have three main features: systematicity, creation of similarities, and imaginative rationality. Metaphors are systematic precisely because they are conceptual in nature. Metaphor can create similarities between the two domains involved. This runs counter to the traditional view which holds that similarities are inherent in the entities themselves. But cognitive linguists hold that the similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential rather than objective. Metaphors are characterized by imaginative rationality. They unite reasoning and imagination. Metaphors as a form of reasoning by analogy involve categorization, entailment and inference. By metaphors we understand one kind of thing in terms of another kind of thing.
1. Homonymy Homonyms are words which have the same form, but different meanings. Words which have the same
spelling but different meanings are called homographs, such as bow (v.) and bow (n., a weapon). Words which have the same pronunciation but different meanings are called homophones. Flour/flower, pale/pail, whole/hole are all homophones. Words which have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings are full homonyms, as exemplified by bear (v.)/bear (an animal), ground (n.)/ground(v.).
Polysemy Homonyms are listed as separate entries in a dictionary, because lexicographers see them as unrelated in sense. A polyseme is a word which has several related senses. In many dictionaries you can find bank1 and bank2 as separate entries. The relation between the two is homonymy. Both of them are polysemes, because each of them has several definitions. Lexicographers make the distinction between homonyms and polysemes based on the intuition of native speakers as well as the etymology or history of words.
《英语语言学》练习题二 参考答案
练习题第3套参考答案 I. II.
1—5 T F F T F 6—10 TF T F F 11—15 T F T T F
I. [f] voiceless labiodental fricative
II. [r] alveolar retroflex liquid
III. [a:] low back vowel IV. [k] voiceless velar stop V. [i] lax high front vowel
III.
i) a) one b) three c) two d) four e) seven ii)
b)
c) disgraceful d) stepsister e)
f) antidisestablishmentarianism II. (参见课件或教材)
III. 1. A wants to stop B from smoking there.
2. Pre-request
VI. 1. Metaphor is the mapping from the source domain to the target domain. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping. For example, neck is a part of human body, while the neck in the compound bottleneck is metaphorically used. The properties of human neck (source domain) have been transferred to the neck of the bottle (target domain).
2. linguistic competence accounts for a speaker's knowledge of his language. accounts for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it. According to Hymes (1972), there are four parameters that underlie a speaker's communicative competence, namely the ability to judge:
1. Whether (and to what degree) something is formally possible; 2. Whether (and to what degree) something is feasible; 3. Whether (and to what degree) something is appropriate; 4. Whether (and to what degree) something is in fact done.
3. Referential meaning (sometimes called denotative meaning) is widely believed to be the central meaning of words. It is comparatively more stable and universal. The word woman refers to female human adult. This kind of meaning of the word has not changed and will not change. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning. In contrast to referential meaning, they are less stable and more culture-specific. For example, although the referential meaning of the word king has not changed in English, English people today have different conceptions of the king than before. The English word pig may have the same referent as its equivalent in a language of Islamic culture. Yet, the associative meanings are totally different.
练习题第4套参考答案
I. 1. tone 2. lexicon 3. suppletives 4. Semantics 5. Synomyms 6. Meaning, sounds 7. metalanguage 8. interpersonal, textual 9. descriptive 10. places, voicing 11. Allophones 12.morpheme II. a). voiced b). fricative c). bilabial d). velar e). high; vowel
III. 1) a greenhouse, the stress is on green; a green house, the stress is on house. Greenhouse is a compound word; green house is a noun phrase.
A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that need
《英语语言学》练习题一 参考答案
