财政部财政科学研究所2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试
英语试题
PART ONE: Grammar (15 points)
Directions: Below each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose
the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Please write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
1. The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree the students’ potentiality is developed. A. of which B. with which C. in which D. to which
2.Another food crop raised by Indians strange to the European was called Indian corn. A. who were B. that were C. that was D. who was
3. We moved to the new house in the suburbs so that the kids would have a garden . A. in which to play B. to play with C. to play D. where to play
4. There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona, contributes significantly to the state’s economy. A. a fact B. which fact C. whose fact D. that
5. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced. A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that
6. Nearly all trees contains a mix of polymers that can burn like petroleum properly extracted. A. after B. if C. when it D. is
7. The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning or individual states should have more power. A. whether the federal government B. either the federal government C. that the federal government D.the federal government
8. Exploration of the Solar System is continuing, and at the present rate of progress all the planets within the next 50 years. A. will have been contacted B. will have contacted C. will be contacted D. will contact
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9. By the year of 2025, scientists probably a cure for cancer. A. will be discovering B. are discovering C. will have discovered D. have discovered
10. Thomas Edison’s first patented invention was a device in Congress.
A. for counting votes B. that counting votes C. counts votes D.counted votes
11. Using many symbols makes to put a large amount of information on a single map. A. possible B. it is possible C. it possible D. that possible
12. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely to the outside world. A. being lost B. having lost C. losing D.lost
13. Beef cattle of all livestock for economic growth in the certain geographic regions. A. the most are important B. are the most important C. is the most important D.that are most important
14. advance and retreat in their eternal rhythms, but the surface of the sea itself is never at rest.
A. Not only when the tides do B.As the tides not only do C. Not only do the tides D. Do the tides not only
15. divorce ourselves from the masses of the people. A. In no time we should B. In no time should we C. At no time we should D.At no time should we
PART TWO: Reading comprehension (20 points)
Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some
questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
Passage 1 (5 points)
The good news made headlines nationwide: Deaths from several kinds of cancer have declined significantly in recent years. But the news has to be bittersweet for many cancer patients and their families. Every year, more than 500000 people in the United States still die of cancer. In fact, more than half of all patients diagnosed with cancer will die of their disease within a few years. And while it’s true survival is longer today than in the past, the quality of life for these patients is often greatly diminished. Cancer – and many of the treatments used to fight it - causes pain, nausea, fatigue, and anxiety that routinely go undertreated or untreated.
In the nation’s single-minded focus on curing cancer, we have inadvertently devalued the critical need for palliative care, which focuses on alleviating physical and psychological
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symptoms over the course of the disease. Nothing would have a greater impact on the daily lives of cancer patients and their families than good symptom control and supportive therapy. Yet the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the federal government’s leader in cancer research and training, spent less than one percent of its 1999 budget on any aspect of research or training in palliative care.
The nation needs to get serious about reducing needless suffering. NCI should commit to and fund research aimed at improving symptom control and palliative care. NCI also could designate “centers of excellence” among the cancer centers it recognizes. To get that designation, centers would deliver innovative, top-quality palliative care to all segments of the populations the centers serve; train professionals in medicine, nursing, psychology, social work, and other disciplines to provide palliative care; and conduct research.
Insurance coverage for palliative and hospice care also contributes to the problem by forcing people to choose between treatment or hospice care. This “either/or” approach does not readily allow these two types of essential care to be integrated. The Medicare hospice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness and allows enrollment only if patients are expected to survive six months or less. The benefit excludes patients from seeking both palliative care and potentially life-extending treatment.
That makes hospice enrollment an obvious deterrent for many patients. And hospices, which may have the most skilled practitioners and the most experience in administering palliative care, cannot offer their services to people who could really benefit but still are pursuing active treatment.
It is innately human to comfort and provide care to those suffering from cancer, particularly those close to death. Yet what seems self-evident at an individual, personal level has not guided policy at the level of institutions in this country. Death is inevitable, but severe suffering is not. To offer hope for a long life of the highest possible quality and to deliver the best quality cancer care from diagnoses to death, our public institutions need to move toward policies that value and promote palliative care. 16. Palliative care is concerned with improving patients’ . A. survival rates B. quality of life C. lifespans
D. options for health insurance providers
17. According to the author, research on palliative care for . A. is more important than research for cancer cures B. has been overlooked by researchers C. is virtually non-existent
D. is regarded by researchers as a frivolous topic
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18. The main problem of insurance coverage for hospice care and active treatment is that .
A. it does not allow patients to seek both
B. it only covers patients whose life expectancy is less than six months
C. it deprives patients of the right to choose between two proven treatment methods D. hospice care is only covered when it may extend a patient’s life expectancy 19. Hospices offer cancer patients . A. an alternative to palliative care B. comfort in their early stages of illness C. skilled and experienced palliative care D. an alternative to active treatment 20. This text is mainly about .
A. improving cancer research in the U.S
B. reforming insurance coverage for cancer patients
C. understanding different options for cancer treatment and care D. reducing the suffering of cancer patients
Passage 2 (5 points)
Man and women do think differently, at least where the anatomy of the brain is concerned, according to a new study. The brain is made primarily of two different types of tissue, called gray matter and white matter. This new research reveals that men think more with their gray matter, and women think more with white. Researchers stressed that just because the two sexes think differently, this does not affect intellectual performance.
Psychology professor Richard Haier of the University of California, Irvine led the research along with colleagues from the University of New Mexico. Their findings show that in general, men have nearly 6.5 times the amount of gray matter related intelligence compared with women, whereas women have nearly 10 times the amount of white matter related to intelligence compared with men. “These findings suggested that human evolution has created two different types of brains designed for equally intelligent behavior,” said Haier, adding that, “by pinpointing these gender-based intelligence areas, the study has the potential to aid research on dementia and other cognitive-impairment diseases in the brain.
The results are detailed in the online version of the journal NeuroImage. In human brains, gray matter represents information processing centers, whereas white matter works to network these processing centers. The results from this study may help explain why men and women excel at different types of tasks, said co-author and neuropsychologist Rex Jung of the University of New Mexico. For example, men tend to do better with tasks requiring more localized processing, such as mathematics, Jung said, while women are better at integrating and assimilating information from distributed gray-matter regions of the brain, which aids language skills. Scientists find it very interesting that while men and women use two very different activity centers and neurological pathways, men and women perform equally well on broad measures of cognitive ability, such as intelligence tests.
This research also gives insight to why different types of head injuries are more disastrous to one sex or the other. For example, in women 84 percent of gray matter regions and 86 percent of white matter regions involved in intellectual performance were located in
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the frontal lobes, whereas the percentages of these regions in a man’s frontal lobes are 45 percent and zero, respectively. This matches up well with clinical data that shows frontal lobe damage in women to be much more destructive than the same type of damage in men. Both Haier and Jung hope that this research with someday help doctors diagnose brain disorders in men and women earlier, as well as provide help designing more effective and precise treatments for brain damage.
21.Which of the following statements is true, according to paragraph 1 ? A. The brain is a monolithic organ.
B. Intellectual ability depends on which part of the brain is used. C. Intellectual ability varies between men and women. D. The anatomy of men’s brains and women’s brains differ.
22. According to paragraph 2, this discovery is significant because .
A. it is necessary to understand the anatomy of the brain when dealing with diseases affect thought processes
B. it shows that men and women are equally intelligent
C. it shows that men and women are equally intelligent overall, but specialize in different ways of thinking
D. many diseases of the brain are specific to gender or the other
23. Which of the following statements is true about gray brain matter? A. It helps put together information from different parts of the brain. B. It is used for processing information. C. There is less of it in men’s brains.
D. There is a direct correlation between the amount of gray brain matter and mathematical ability.
24. Which of the following statements is false about white brain matter? A. Women have more of it than men.
B. It is used for putting together information from different parts of the brain.
C. There is direct correlation between the amount of white brain matter and linguistic ability.
D. The amount of white brain matter is not directly related to overall intelligence. 25. The final paragraph suggests that . A. men and women are equally intelligent
B. men and women have different frontal lobes
C. head injuries can have varied effects, according to whether a person is male or female
D. the research will be useful to other scientists
Passage 3 (5 points)
So much data indicate the world’s progress towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a set of targets adopted by world leaders at the UN more than ten years ago. But the goal-setting exercise has further pitfalls. Too often, the goals are reduced to working out how much money is needed to meet a particular target. Yet the countries that have made most progress in cutting poverty have largely done so not by spending public money, but by encouraging faster economic growth. As Shanta Devarajan,
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财政部财政科学研究所2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
