1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.（P5） 用低能机器或传力工具，操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。大多数情况，然而，用一个详细（复杂）的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。
2. The fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. The compressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (Braking Systems)（P5）
相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体，通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。列车的所有车厢上的车轮同时动作。压缩气体通过一个坚固的管道在由联轴器连接的车厢之间传输；工程师控制其在同一时间释放到所有独立的闸块单元。
3. When the brake pedal of an automobile is depressed, a force is applied to a piston in a master cylinder. The piston forces hydraulic fluid through metal tubing into a cylinder in each wheel where the fluid’s pressure moves two pistons that press the brake shoes against the drum. (Braking Systems)（P5）
当踩下汽车刹车的踏板，在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一个力。活塞驱动液压流体通过金属管道进入每个车轮气缸，在那里液压移动两个活塞将闸片压向轮圈。
4. Machinery ontology including mechanical rack, mechanical connections and mechanical transmission, which is the basis of mechanical-electrical integration, plays a role in supporting the other functional units of the system and transmitting motion and power. Compared to purely mechanical products, the performance and functionality of integration technology in electrical and mechanical systems have been improved a lot, which requires mechanical ontology to adapt its new status in mechanical structure, materials, processing technology, as well as the areas of geometry. Accordingly, the new ontology is with high efficient, multi-functional, reliable and energy-saving, small, light-weighted and aesthetically pleasing characteristics. (Mechatronics System) （P7）
机械体包括机架、机械联接和机械传动，它是机电一体化的基础，作用是支撑系统其他功能单元，传递运动和动力。和纯机械产品相比，一体化技术的性能和功能在机电系统中大幅提高，它要求机械本体适应在机械结构、材料、加工技术以及这些领域中的几何学下的新环境。相应的，新的一体化具有高效、多功能、可靠、节能、小轻和美学的令人赏心悦目的特征。
5. Detecting sensor detecting sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its function is to detect the process of mechatronic systems in the work itself and the changes of relevant parameters in external environment and transmit the information to the electronic control unit. Electronic control unit check the information and sends the corresponding control issues to the actuator. (Mechatronics System) （P7）
检测传感器部分包括各类传感器、信号检测电路，它的功能是检测机电系统自身工作的工程，在外部环境下的相关参数的改变，将其信息传给电子控制单元。电子控制单元通过检查信息，送出相应的指令到执行机构。
6. Electronic control unit, also known as ECU, is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the external commands and the signals output by sensors. It centralizes stores, computes and analyzes the information. Based on the results of information processing,instruction are issued according to a certain extent and pace to control the destination for the entire system. (Mechatronics System) （P7）
电子控制单元，也被称为控制单元（ECU）控制，是机电系统的核心，负责外部命令和传感器的信号输出。它集中、存储、计算并分析信息。基于信息处理的结果，按照一定的范围和步调发出命令来实现控制整个系统的目标。
7. It is put into a fairly standard machine tool that has had position sensing and motors on the
control knobs installed. This is basically just a robot machinist. You use a rotating cutting tool to cut away all the metal that isn’t your crank. 3D metal etch-a-sketch, with the computer interpolating, so the circles come out to be pretty smooth. (CNC Machining) （P9）
将数控系统装入一个非常标准的机床，它在控制手柄上有位置感应和马达。这基本上是一个机械师。你能使用一个旋转切削刀具切掉不是你设计的所有金属。具有计算内插的三维金属蚀刻成型可以使得圆被加工得更光滑。
8. They (CNC machine) are complicated machines, full of servomechanisms, and measuring technology that can measure to 0.005mm (0.0001”) while covered in oil. A CNC machine has a minimum of 6 motors (including some to change tools, and one or more to pump oil and coolant various places). This translates to running costs that may be well over $1/minute. (The computer is not a significant part of the cost any more.) (CNC Machining) （P10）
数控机床是复杂的机器，具有伺服机构和检测技术，它能在覆盖油膜状态下检测到0.005mm。数控机床至少有 6个马达（包括一些用来换刀具，一个或多个用来泵油和冷却液的各地方）。这些化成运行成本可能大大超过1美元/分钟。（电脑不再是成本的一个重要部分.）
9. The smaller, denser chips can also provide speed benefits, because in high-speed devices, the length of time it takes a signal to travel a given distance can become a factor. (Integrated Circuit (IC)) （P57）
小而密的芯片能提供速度优势，因为高速装置中，信号传输给定距离所需时间长度是一个因素。
10．ICs have consistently migrated to smaller feature sizes over the years, allowing more circuitry to be packed on each chip. This increased capacity per unit area can be used to decrease cost and/or increase functionality-see Moore’s law which, in its modern interpretation, states that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years。（P58）
多年来集成电路持续向更小的外观尺寸发展，允许每个芯片封装更多的电路，这增加了单位面积的容量，可以被用于降低成本和/或增加功能。由Moore法则，用现代的解释来说，集成电路中晶体管的数量每两年涨一倍。
11. In general, as the feature size shrinks, almost everything improves the cost per unit and the switching power consumption goes down, and the speed goes up. However, ICs with nanometer-scale devices are not without their problems, principal among which is leakage current, although these problems are not insurmountable and will likely be solved or at least ameliorated by the introduction of high-k dielectrics. (Integrated Circuit (IC)) （P58） 一般随着外观尺寸的减小，几乎任何物品的单位成本会改善（降低），转换能源消耗会降低，速度提高。然而，纳米级设备所用的 IC 芯片不是没有问题，其中最基本的是漏电流，尽管这些问题不是不可克服的，它可被解决，或至少可通过引入高k值绝缘体被改善。 12.The major fabricating steps for integrated circuits include film formation, impurity doping, photolithography, etching, and packaging.（P58）
集成电路的主要的制造步骤包括薄膜形成、掺杂杂质、微影技术、蚀刻、包装。
13. Factory assembly line machinery is activated and monitored by a single PLC, where in the past hundreds of timers and relays would have been required to do the task. The machine or system user rarely, if ever, interacts directly with the PLC’s program. When it is necessary to either edit or create the PLC program, a personal computer is usually (but not always) connected to it. (What is a PLC?) （P61）
工厂的装配线机械用一个 PLC 就能操纵和监控，过去需要数百的计时器和继电器才能完成这项工作。这台机器或系统用户，如果有的话，很少直接与 PLC 的程序交互。当有必要编辑或创建PLC程序时仅需将个人计算机（但不总是）连到 PLC 上。
14. The processes of sequencing control and interlock logic needed for automobile manufacturing was a time consuming and arduous task, which required manual updating of relays, timers and dedicated closed-loop controllers. When a new year’s model was coming off the drawing board, skilled electricians were called on to reset the production line.(What is a PLC?) （P61）
汽车制造所需的时序控制、互锁逻辑的处理是一项耗时、费劲的工作，它需要手工更新继电器、计时器和特定的闭环控制器。 当一个新年度模型脱离制图板，熟练的电工被要求从装生产线。
15. PLCs, in essence, monitor external sensory activity from additional devices.They take in the data which reports on a wide variety of activity, such as machine performance, energy output, and process impediment. They also control attached motor starters, pilot lights, values and many other devices. Both functions respond to a custom, user-created program.(What is a PLC?) （P62）
PLC，本质上是监控附加装置的外部传感活动，他们接受数据，这些数据提供广泛的活动，如机器性能、能量输出和加工障碍。它们也控制相连的马达启动器、导航灯、阀门和许多其他装置。所有的功能都对应一个惯例，实用程序。
16. They (PLCs) are designed for real-time use, and often must withstand harsh environments on the shop floor. The programmable logic controller circuitry monitors the status of multiple sensor input, which control output actuators, which may be things like motor starters, solenoid, lights and displays, or valves. (What is a PLC?) （P62）
PLC 被设计为实时应用，常常必须经受车间恶劣环境。PLC的电路检测很多传感器输入的状态，控制输出执行机构，如马达启动器、螺线管、灯、显示屏和阀门。
17. Ladder logic is essentially a Boolean logic-solving program with a graphical user interface designed to look like an elementary wiring diagram, familiar to all industrial electricians. (What is a PLC?) （P62）
梯形逻辑本质是一个具有图形用户界面的布尔逻辑处理程序，，设计成一个所有的工业电气师都熟悉的基本电气线图。
18. PID can be described as a set of rules with which precise regulation of a closed-loop control system is obtained. Closed loop control means a method in which a real-time measurement of the process being controlled is constantly fed back to the controlling device to ensure that the value which is desired is, in fact, being realized. (What is PID Control) （P63）
PID可以用一组规则描述，通过这组规则可获得闭环控制系统的精密调控。闭环控制是一种方法，用这种方法可将被控过程的实时检测持续地反馈给控制设备以确保期望值被实现。 19. The most important of these (PIDs), Proportional Control, determines the magnitude of the difference between the SETPOINT and the PROCESS VARIABLE (known as ERROR), and then applies appropriate proportional changes to the CONTROL VARIABLE to eliminate ERROR. (What is PID Control) （P63）
PID中最重要的是比例控制，它决定了设定值和过程变量间的差值，然后对控制变量使用合适的比例变量以消除误差。
20. Shafting is the machine element that supports a roller and wheel so that they can perform their basic functions of rotation. Shafting, made from round metal bars of various lengths and machined to dimension the surface, is used in a great variety of shapes and applications. Because shafts carry loads and transmit power, they are subject to the stresses and strains of operating machine parts. Standardized procedures have been evolved for determining the material characteristics and size requirements for safe and economical construction and operation. (Shafting) （P67）
轴是能支撑滚子和轮子以完成最基本的旋转运动的机械元件。轴，由各类长度的圆形金属棒料制成，被加工成各类的表面尺寸，以各种形状用于各种用途。轴因为承载和传动必经受在工作的机器零件的应力和应变。已演化出的标准流程确定安全经济结构操作所需的材料特性和尺寸要求。
21. Particularly in solid shafting, the shaft is stepped to allow greater strength in the middle portion with minimum diameter on the ends at the bearings. The steps allow shoulders for positioning the various parts pressed onto the shaft during the rotor assembly. (Shafting) （P67） 特别是实心轴，阶梯轴允许中部有更大的强度，端部轴承处直径最小。阶梯允许轴肩在转子装置期间，通过靠在轴上来定位各类零件。
22.One or more pieces of shafting joined by couplings is used to transmit power from, for
机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)
