.*
硬脂酸甘油酯 硬脂酸钠
16.氨基酸
氨基酸中的—NH2和—COOH发生脱水缩合,生成多肽。
甘氨酸
+ + H2O
+ + H2O
丙氨酸
+ + H2O
+ + H2O
(两种不同的氨基酸进行缩合,可产生4种不同的多肽)
第五部分 离子反应
(按字母顺序排列)
Al
2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
-?2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H2↑ Al3++3H2OAl(OH)3+3H+
-Al3++3OH=Al(OH)3↓
-?Al3++4OH=AlO2+2H2O
-?3Al3++10OH=2Al(OH)3↓+AlO2+2H2O(当n(AlCl3)/n(NaOH)=3:10时)
?Al3++3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)3↓+3NH4
2?2Al3++3CO3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑
?Al3++3HCO3=Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑
-Al3++3HS+3H2O=Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑
-2Al3++3S2+6H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑
?Al3++3AlO2+6H2O=4Al(OH)3↓
2?2Al3++3SiO3=Al2(SiO3)2↓ AlO?Al(OH)3+OH- 2+2H2O
+AlO?2+H+H2O=Al(OH)3↓ +3+AlO?2+4H=Al+2H2O ?9AlO2+30H+=2Al(OH)3↓+7Al3++12H2O(当n(NaAlO2)/n(HCl)=3:10时)
?3AlO2+Fe3++6H2O=Fe(OH)3↓+3Al(OH)3↓
?AlO?2+NH4+H2O=Al(OH)3↓+NH3↑
?2?AlO?2+HCO3+H2O=Al(OH)3↓+CO3
?2?2AlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+CO3
?AlO?2+CO2+2H2O=Al(OH)3↓+HCO3 Al2O3+6H+=2Al3++3H2O
Al2O3+2OH=2AlO2+H2O Al(OH)3+3H+=Al3++2H2O
-?Al(OH)3+2OH=AlO2+2H2O Ag
-
?Ag++H2OAgOH+H+
?Ag++NH3·H2O=AgOH↓+NH4
?Ag++2NH3·H2O=[Ag(NH3)2]+H2O
-Ag++Cl=AgCl↓
-Ag++Br=AgBr↓
-Ag++I=AgI↓
3?3Ag++PO4=Ag3PO4↓
2?2Ag++CO3=Ag2CO3↓
Ag2CO3+2H+=2Ag++CO2↑+H2O Ag3PO4+3H+=3Ag++H3PO4
--?2Ag[(NH3)2]++2OH+CH3CHOCH3COO+NH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O
-2Ag[(NH3)2]++2OH+CH2OH(CHOH)4CHOCH2OH(C
?-HOH)4COO+NH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O
Ba
Ba2++SO4=BaSO4↓
2?Ba2++CO3=BaCO3↓
3?3Ba2++2PO4=Ba3(PO4)2↓
-Ba2++2OH+CO2=BaCO3↓+H2O
2?-Ba2++2OH+2H++SO4=BaSO4↓+2H2O(NaHSO4溶液中
加Ba(OH)2,使溶液呈中性)
2?-Ba2++OH+H++SO4=BaSO4↓+H2O(NaHSO4溶液中加
2?.*
Ba(OH)2,使Ba2+全部沉淀) BaCO3+2H+=Ca2++CO2↑+H2O Br
Cl2+2I=I2+2Cl(向FeI2溶液中通入少量Cl2)
--3Cl2+2Fe2++4I=2Fe3++2I2+6Cl(足量Cl2)
--4Cl2+2Fe2++6I=2Fe3++3I2+8Cl(当n(FeI2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时) --
2Br-+Cl2=2Cl-
+Br2
Br2+SO2+2H2O=2Br-+2H++SO2?4
4Br-+2Fe2++3Cl2=2Fe3++2Br2+6Cl-(足量Cl2)
2Br-+2Fe2++2Cl2=2Fe3++Br2+4Cl-(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=1:1时)
10Br-+6Fe2++8Cl2=6Fe3++5Br2+16Cl-(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时) C
CO2?3+2Ag+=Ag2CO3↓
CO2?3+Ba2+=BaCO3↓
CO2?3+Ca2+=CaCO3↓
CO2?3+2H+=CO2↑+H2O
CO2?2O?+OH-3+HHCO3
3CO2?3+2Al3++3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑
3CO2?3+2Fe3++3H2O=2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑
CO2+AlO?+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+CO2?23
CO2+AlO?O=Al(OH)3↓+HCO?2+2H23
CO2+OH-=HCO?3
CO2+Ba2++2OH-
=BaCO3↓+H2O
CO2+2OH-=CO2?3+H2O
3CO2+5OH-=2CO2??3+HCO3+2H2O(当n(CO2)/n(NaOH)=3:5时)
CO2+SiO2?2?3+2H2O=H4SiO4↓+CO3
Ca
Ca2++2OH-
+CO2=CaCO3↓+H2O
Ca2++2OH-+SO2=CaSO3↓+H2O
Ca2++2ClO-+SO2+H2O=CaSO4↓+HClO+H++Cl-(少量 SO2)
Ca2++2ClO-+2SO2+4H2O=CaSO4↓+2Cl-+4H++SO2?4(足量SO2)
Ca2++2ClO-+CO2+H2O=CaCO3↓+2HClO CaCO3+2H+=Ca2++CO2↑+H2O Cl
Cl2+H2O=Cl-
+H++HClO
Cl2+2OH-=Cl-+ClO-+H2O
Cl2+2OH-=Cl-+ClO-+H2O
Cl2+2I-=2Cl-+I2
Cl2+H2SO3+H2O=2Cl-+SO2?4+4H+
Cl2+H2S=2Cl-+2H++S↓
Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3++2Cl-(向FeBr2溶液中少量Cl2) 3Cl2+2Fe2++4Br-=2Fe3++2Br2+6Cl-(足量Cl2)
2Cl2+2Fe2++2Br-=2Fe3++Br2+4Cl-(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=1:1时)
8Cl2+6Fe2++10Br-=6Fe3++5Br2+16Cl-(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时)
Cl2+2I-=2Cl-+I2
2Cl-+4H++MnO2=Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O Cl-+Ag+=AgCl↓
ClO-+H+=HClO
ClO-+SO2+H2O=2H++Cl-+SO2?4
ClO-+H2OHClO+OH- Cr
Cr?2O7+6Fe2++14H+=6Fe3++2Cr3++7H2O
Cu
Cu+2Fe3+=2Fe2++Cu2+
3Cu+2NO?3+8H+=3Cu2++2NO↑+4H2O Cu2++2H2OCu(OH)2+2H+
Cu2++2NH3·H2O=Cu(OH)2↓+2NH4+ Cu2++2Na+2H2O=2Na++Cu(OH)2↓+H2↑ Cu2++H2S=2H++CuS↓ Cu2++Fe=Cu+Fe2+
Cu2++2OH-=Cu(OH)2↓ CuO+2H+=Cu2++H2O CxHyOz
C6H5O-+H2OC6H5OH+OH-
C6H5O-+CO2=C6H5OH+HCO?3
CH3CHO+2Ag[(NH3)2]++2OH-CH3COO-+NH?4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O
CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O
2CH3COOH+CaCO3=2CH3COO-+Ca2++CO2↑+H2O
CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Ag[(NH3)2]++2OH-
CH2OH(CHOH)4COO-+NH?4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Cu(OH)2 CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O
5C2H4+12MnO?4+36H+=12Mn2++10CO2↑+28H2O
5CO2??24+2MnO4+16H+=2Mn2++10CO2↑+8H2O Fe
Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑ Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu Fe+2Fe3+=3Fe2+
Fe2++2OH-=Fe(OH)2↓
2Fe2++Cl2=2Fe3++2Cl-
2Fe2++Br2=2Fe3++2Br- 4Fe2++O2+4H+=Fe3++2H2O
12Fe2++3O2+6H2O=8Fe3++4Fe(OH)3↓ 2Fe2++H2O2+2H+=2Fe3++2H2O
6Fe2++Cr?2O7+14H+=6Fe3++2Cr3++7H2O
5Fe2++MnO?4+8H+=5Fe3++Mn2+4H2O
3Fe2++NO?3+4H+=3Fe3++NO↑+2H2O
Fe2++S2-=FeS↓
2Fe2++Cl2=2Fe3++2Cl-(向FeBr2溶液中通入少量Cl2)
2Fe2++4Br-+3Cl2=2Fe3++2Br2+6Cl-(足量Cl2)
.*
2Fe2++2Br+2Cl2=2Fe3++Br2+4Cl(当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=1:1中加入少量NaOH溶液)
?2??时) 2HCO3+Ca2++2OH=CaCO3↓+2H2O+CO3--6Fe2++10Br+8Cl2=6Fe3++5Br2+16Cl(当(Ca(HCO3)2溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液)
?2??HCO3n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时) +OH=CO3+H2O(向NH4HCO3溶液中加入少
--
2Fe2++4I+3Cl2=2Fe3++2I2+6Cl(向FeI2溶液中足量Cl2)量NaOH溶液)
--??2??2Fe2++6I+4Cl2=2Fe3++3I2+8Cl(当n(FeI2)/n(Cl2)=3:4时) HCO3+NH4+2OH=CO3+H2O+NH3·H2O(向--
Fe3++3OH-=Fe(OH)3↓ 2Fe3++Cu=2Fe2++Cu2+ 2Fe3++Fe=3Fe2+ 2Fe3++Zn=2Fe2++Zn2+
2Fe3++3Zn=2Fe+3Zn2+ Fe3++3HCO?3=Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑ Fe3++3AlO?2+6H2O=Fe(OH)3↓+3Al(OH)3↓ 2Fe3++3CO2?3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑ 2Fe3++H2S=2Fe2++S↓+2H+ 2Fe3++S2-=2Fe2++S↓ 2Fe3++2I-=2Fe2++I2 2Fe3++SO2+2H2O=2Fe2++SO2?4+4H+ Fe3++3SCN-=Fe(SCN)3(红色溶液) Fe3++3H2O=Fe(OH)3(胶体)+3H+ FeO+2H+=Fe2++H2O Fe2O3+6H+=Fe3++3H2O Fe3O4+8H+=Fe2++2Fe3++4H2O FeS+2H+=Fe2++H2S↑ H2O H++OH-=H2O 2H2O+2Na=2Na++2OH-+H2↑ 2H2O+2Na2O2=4Na++4OH-+O2↑ H2O+Na2O=2Na++2OH- H2O+Cl2=Cl-+H++HClO H2O2 H2O2+2I-+2H+=I2+2H2O H2O2+2Fe2++2H+=2Fe3++2H2O 5H2O2+2MnO?4+6H+=2Mn2++5O2↑+8H2O H2O2+Cl2=2H++2Cl-+O2↑ H2O2+SO2=2H++SO2?4 H2CO3系列 H2CO3H++HCO?3
HCO?2?3H++CO3
H2O+CO2???3HCO3+OH HCO?2CO3+OH?3+H2OH
HCO?+OH?=CO2?33+H2O
HCO?3+H+=CO2↑+H2O
3HCO?3+Al3+=Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑
3HCO?3+Fe3+=Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑
2HCO??2?3+Ca2++2OH=CaCO3↓+2H2O+CO3(向NaHCO3溶液中加入少量澄清石灰水)
HCO??3+Ca2++OH=CaCO3↓+H2O(足量澄清石灰水)
HCO?+Ca2++OH?3=CaCO3↓+H2O(向Ca(HCO3)2溶液
NH4HCO3溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液)
2HCO?+SO2=SO2?33+CO2↑+H2O
HCO?+AlO?2?32+H2O=Al(OH)3↓+CO3 H3PO4系列 H3PO4H++H?2PO4
H?2?2PO4H++HPO4 HPO2?4H++PO3?4 H3PO4+OH?=H?2PO4+H2O
H?2?2PO?4+OH=HPO4+H2O
HPO2??3?4+OH=PO4+H2O
PO3???4+H2OHPO24+OH
HPO2??4+H2OH2PO?4+OH
HPO??24+H2O
H3PO4+OH H++PO3?HPO2?4=4
H++HPO2??4=H2PO4
H++H?2PO4=H3PO4 H2S系列
H2SH++HS-
HS-H++S2-
H++S2-=HS-
H++HS-=H2S
H2O+S2-HS-+OH?
HS-+H2OH2S+OH?
H2S+OH-=HS-+H2O
HS-+OH-=S2-+H2O
H2S+Cl2=2Cl-+2H++S↓ 2H2S+SO2=3S↓+2H2O
2H2S+O2=2S↓+2H2O
H2S+Cu2+=2H++CuS↓
H2S+(CH3COO)2Pb=PbS↓+2CH3COOH
H2S+2OH-=S2-+2H2O
3HS-+Al3++3H2O=Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑ H2SO3系列 H2SO3
H++HSO?3 HSO?++SO2?3H3
HSO?3+H2OH2SO3+OH-
HSO?+OH-=SO2?33+H2O HSO?3+H+=SO2↑+H2O
H2SO3+Cl2+H2O=2Cl-+SO2?4+4H+
I 2I-
+2Fe3+=2Fe2++I2 2I-+Cl2=2Cl-+I2 2I-+Br2=2Br-+I2
.*
I-
+Ag+=AgI↓ 2I-+H2O2+2H+=I2+2H2O 5I-+IO3-+6H+=3I2+3H2O
I2+2OH-=I-+IO-+H2O
I2+5Cl2+6H2O=12H++10Cl-+2IO?3 Mg
Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑
Mg2++2OH-=Mg(OH)2↓
Mg2++CO2?3=MgCO3↓
MgCO3+2H+=Mg2++CO2↑+H2O MgO+2H+=Mg2++H2O
Mg(OH)2+2H+=Mg2++2H2O Mn
MnO2+2Cl-
+4H+=Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O
MnO?4+5Fe2++8H+=5Fe3++Mn2+4H2O 2MnO?O=2Mn2++5SO2?4+5SO2+2H24+4H+
2MnO?4+5H2O2+6H+=2Mn2++5O2↑+8H2O
12MnO?4+5C2H4+36H+=12Mn2++10CO2↑+28H2O
2MnO?2?4+5C2O4+16H+=2Mn2++10CO2↑+8H2O Na
2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH-+H2↑
2Na+Cu2++2H2O=2Na++Cu(OH)2↓+H2↑ NH3系列
NH?4+H2O
NH3·H2O+H+ 2NH?2?4+SiO3+H2O=H4SiO4↓+2NH3↑
NH??4+AlO2+H2O=Al(OH)3↓+NH3↑
NH?+HCO?-2?43+2OH=CO3+H2O+NH3·H2O(向
NH4HCO3溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液) NH3+H2ONH3·H2O
NH3·H2ONH?-4+OH NH3·H2O+Ag+=AgOH↓+NH4+
2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O(AgNO3溶液中加入少量氨水) 2NH3·H2O+Ag+=[Ag(NH3)2]++H2O(足量氨水)
2NH3·H2O+Cu2+=Cu(OH)2↓+2NH?4(向CuSO4溶液中加入少量氨水)
4NH3·H2O+Cu2+=[Cu(NH3)4]2++4H2O(足量氨水) 2NH3·H2O+Zn2+=Zn(OH)2↓+2NH4+(向ZnCl2溶液中加入少量氨水)
4NH3·H2O+Zn2+=[Zn(NH3)4]2++4H2O(足量氨水)
3NH3·H2O+Al3+=Al(OH)3↓+3NH?4
2NO?-
2+2I+4H+=2NO↑+I2+2H2O
5NO??+=2Mn2++5NO?2+2MnO4+6H3+3H2O
NO?3+3Fe2++4H+=3Fe3++NO↑+2H2O
2NO?2?3+3SO2+2H2O=3SO4+2NO↑+4H+
2NO?3+3Cu+8H+=3Cu2++2NO↑+4H2O O
OH?+H+=H2O
OH?+CO2=HCO?3 O2+2H2S=2S↓+2H2O
O2+2S2-+4H+=S↓+2H2O
O2+2HS-+2H+=S↓+2H2O O2+4Fe2++4H+=Fe3++2H2O
3O2+12Fe2++6H2O=8Fe3++4Fe(OH)3↓
O2+2SO2?2SO2?3=4
O3+2I-+2H+=I2+O2+H2O P
PO3?4+3Ag+=Ag3PO4↓ 2PO3?4+3Ba2+=Ba3(PO4)2↓
2PO3?4+3Ca2+=Ca3(PO4)2↓
2PO3?4+3Mg2+=Mg3(PO4)2↓
PO3?=HPO2?4+H+4 PO3?4+2H+=H?2PO4 PO3?4+3H+=H3PO4
Pb2++SO2?4=PbSO4↓
Pb2++S2-=PbS↓
PbO2+2Cl-+4H+=Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O
(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S=PbS↓+2CH3COOH S
3S+6OH-=2S2-+SO2?3+3H2O S2-+H2OHS-+OH- 3S2-+2Al3++6H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑ S2-+2Fe3+=2Fe2++S↓
SO2+Ca2++2ClO-+H2O=CaSO4↓+HClO+H++Cl-(少量SO2)
2SO2+Ca2++2ClO-+4H2O=CaSO4↓+2Cl-+4H++SO2?4(足量SO2)
SO2+2Fe3++2H2O=2Fe2++SO2?4+4H+
SO2+2HCO?SO2?3=3+CO2↑+H2O
SO2+2OH-=SO2?3+H2O
SO2+OH-=HSO?3
SO2+Br2+2H2O=2Br-+2H++SO2?4
SO2+I2+2H2O=2I-+2H++SO2?4
SO2+H2O2=2H++SO2?4
3SO2+2NO?O=3SO2?3+2H24+2NO↑+4H+
SO2+ClO-+H2O=2H++Cl-+SO2?4 SO2+2H2S=3S↓+2H2O SO2+H2OH2SO3
5SO2+2MnO?2Mn2++5SO2?4+2H2O=4+4H+
SO2?3+2H+=SO2↑+H2O SO2?+H2OHSO?+OH-33 SO2?4+Ba2+=BaSO4↓ SO2?4+2H++Ba2++2OH-=BaSO4↓+2H2O(NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH)2,使溶液呈中性)
SO2?4+H++Ba2++OH-=BaSO4↓+H2O(NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH)2,使Ba2+全部沉淀)
SO?23+2H+=S↓+SO2↑+H2O
Si
Si+2OH-+H2O=SiO2?3+2H2↑
SiO2+2OH-=SiO2?3+H2O
SiO2??3+2NH4+H2O=H4SiO4↓+2NH3↑
SiO2?-3+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO4↓+CO32
SiO2?3+2H++H2O=H4SiO4↓
3SiO2?3+2Fe3+=Fe2(SiO3)2↓
3SiO2?3+2Al3+=Al2(SiO3)2↓ Zn
Zn+2H+=Zn2++H2↑
Zn+2OH-=ZnO2?2+H2↑
第六部分 电极反应方程式
一、原电池电极反应方程式 1.Cu─H2SO4─Zn原电池 正极: 2H+ + 2e-
== H2↑ 负极: Zn—2e- == Zn2+
总反应式: Zn + 2H+ == Zn2+ + H2↑ 2.Cu─FeCl3─C原电池 正极: 2Fe3+ + 2e- == 2Fe2+ 负极: Cu —2e- == Cu2+
总反应式: 2Fe3+ + Cu == 2Fe2+ + Cu2+ 3.钢铁在潮湿的空气中发生吸氧腐蚀 正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e- == 4OH- 负极:2Fe— 4e- == 2Fe2+
总反应式:2Fe + O2 + 2H2O == 2Fe(OH)2↓4.钢铁在潮湿的空气中发生析氢腐蚀
正极:2H+ +2e-
== H2↑
负极:Fe —2e-
== Fe2+
总反应式:Fe +2H+ == Fe2+ +H2↑ 5.氢氧燃料电池(中性介质) 正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e- == 4OH- 负极:2H2—4e-== 4H+ 总反应式:2H2 + O2 == 2H2O 6.氢氧燃料电池(酸性介质) 正极:O2 + 4H+ + 4e- == 2H2O 负极:2H2 — 4e-== 4H+ 总反应式:2H2 + O2 == 2H2O 7.氢氧燃料电池(碱性介质) 正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e- == 4OH-
二、电解电极反应方程式 1.电解CuCl2溶液 阳极:2Cl- — 2e- == Cl2↑ 阴极:Cu2+ + 2e- == Cu
电解
.*
Zn+2Fe3+=2Fe2++Zn2+(少量Zn片) 3Zn+2Fe3+=2Fe+3Zn2+(过量Zn片) Zn2++2H2OZn(OH)2+2H+
Zn2++2OH-=Zn(OH)2↓
Zn2++2NH3·H2O=Zn(OH)2↓+2NH?4(少量氨水) Zn2++4NH3·H2O=[Zn(NH3)4]2++4H2O(足量氨水) Zn(OH)2+2H+=Zn2++2H2O
Zn(OH)2+2OH=ZnO2?2+2H2O ZnO+2H+=Zn2++H2O
ZnO+2OH=ZnO2?2+H2O
负极:2H2 — 4e- + 4OH-
== 4H2O 总反应式:2H2 + O2 == 2H2O 8.铅蓄电池(放电)
正极 (PbO2) :PbO2 + 2e-
+ SO2?4 + 4H+ == PbSO4↓ +
2H2O
负极 (Pb) :Pb—2e-
+ SO2?4 == PbSO4↓ 总反应式:Pb + PbO2 + 4H+ + 2SO2?4 == 2PbSO4↓ + 2H2O 9.Al─NaOH─Mg原电池 正极:6H2O + 6e- == 3H2 ↑+ 6OH-
负极:2Al — 6e- + 8OH- == 2AlO?2+ 4H2O
总反应式: 2Al + 2OH - + 2H2O == 2AlO?2+ 3H2↑
10.CH4燃料电池(碱性介质) 正极:2O2 + 4H2O + 8e- == 8OH-
负极:CH4 —8e- + 10OH- ==CO2?3 + 7H2O
总反应式:CH4 + 2O2 + 2OH- == CO2?3 + 3H2O
11.熔融碳酸盐燃料电池
(Li2CO3和Na2CO3熔融盐作电解液,CO作燃料): 正极:O2 + 2CO2 + 4e-
== 2CO2?3(持续补充CO2气体)负极:2CO + 2CO2?3 — 4e-
== 4CO2
总反应式:2CO + O2 == 2CO2 12.银锌纽扣电池(碱性介质)
正极 (Ag2O) :Ag2O + H2O + 2e- == 2Ag + 2OH-
负极 (Zn) :Zn + 2OH- —2e-
== ZnO + H2O
总反应式:Zn + Ag2O == ZnO + 2Ag总反应式:2Cl-
+ Cu2+ ==== Cl2↑ + Cu 2.电解精炼铜
阳极(粗铜):Cu —2e-
== Cu2+
.*
阴极 (纯铜) :Cu2+ + 2e == Cu 总反应式:无 3.电镀铜
阳极(纯铜):Cu— 2e == Cu2+
阴极(待镀金属,如Fe):Cu2+ + 2e == Cu 总反应式:无 4.电解饱和食盐水 阳极:2Cl —2e == Cl2↑
阴极:2H2O + 2e == H2↑ + 2OH
总反应式:2Cl + 2H2O ==== H2↑+ Cl2↑ + 2OH -------
-
阴极:4H+ +4e == 2H2↑
总反应式:2H2O ==== 2H2↑ + O2↑ 8.电解KNO3溶液
阳极:2H2O —4e == O2↑ + 4H+ 阴极:4H2O + 4e == 2H2↑ + 4OH 总反应式:2H2O ==== 2H2↑ + O2↑ 9.电解CuSO4溶液
阳极:2H2O—4e == O2↑ + 4H+ 阴极:2Cu2+ + 4e == 2Cu↓
------
-
电解
电解
电解
总反应式:2Cu2+ + 2H2O ==== 2Cu↓ + O2↑+ 4H+ 电解
5.电解HCl溶液 阳极:2Cl- - 2e- == Cl2↑ 阴极:2H+ + 2e- == H2↑
总反应式:2Cl- + 2H+==== Cl电解 2↑ + H2↑ 6.电解NaOH溶液
阳极:4OH- —4e-
== O2↑ + 2H2O 阴极:4H2O + 4e- == 2H2↑ + 4OH-电解
总反应式:2H2O ==== 2H2↑+ O2↑ 7.电解H2SO4溶液
阳极:2H2O — 4e- == O2↑ + 4H+
10.电解AgNO3溶液
阳极:2H2O— 4e-
== O2↑ + 4H+ 阴极:4Ag+ + 4e- == 4Ag↓
总反应式:4Ag+ + 2H2O ==== 4Ag电解
↓ + O2↑ + 4H+ 11.铅蓄电池充电
阳极:PbSO4 —2e- + 2H2O == PbO2 +SO2?4+ 4H+
阴极:PbSO4 + 2e-
== Pb + SO2?4
总反应式:2PbSO4 + 2H2O ==== Pb + PbO电解
2 + 4H+ + 2SO2?4