Recently, Hawking, who has no qualms about recanting his own 上帝，我们终于自由了！” work if he decides he was wrong, may have transcended his famous proof that singularities exist. With Physicist James Hartle. He has derived a quantum wave describing a self-contained universe that, like the earth's surface, has no edge or boundary. If that is the case, says Hawking, Einstein's general theory of relativity would have to be modified, and there would be no singularities. %universe 作为学生和专业人员，他们花了大量时间将商务、技术研究报告的写作 would not be created, not be destroyed; it would simply be,\自己的研究项目的结果报告给老师，经理和委托he concludes, adding challengingly, \人。的确，一个人如果没有从事研究工作的基本a Creator\ 技能和将研究成果清楚而完整地表达的能力，那么他就会在学习和工作中碰到许多障碍。科研写 The Key to Management 作能力的需要对于在各个领域的学生都是相等的，无论理工科学生还是商务、人文学科的学生都是这样研究生阶段的学习对学生的科研写作提出了很高的要求，而且大多数职业继续要求这样：、广告与市场营销、经济学与会计学，If had to sum up in one word the qualities that make a 教育（学）good manager, I'd say that it all comes to decisiveness. You can use the fanciest computers in the world and you can gather all the charts and numbers, but in the end you have to bring all your information together, set up a timetable, and act. And I don't mean act rashly. In the press, I'm sometimes described as a flamboyant leader and a hip-shooter, a kind 理工科、心理学、人类学、艺术以及农艺可能都要定期报告研究的信息。 研究报告的要素 标准的研究报告，不论是哪个领域或针对哪类读者，都有四个主要部分。这些大的部分可以分成许多小的部分，而且结构安排可以多种多样，但是报告的核心通常由这四大部分组成的。 问题部分。研究报告的首要部分就是陈述研of fly-by-the-seat-of-the-pants operator. I may occasionally 究项目所涉及的问题。这一部分要求准确阐述研究者要问答的根本问题。在这同一个部分里应该give that impression, but if that image were really true. I 从社会、经济，医学、心理、教育方面来解释问could never have been successful in this business. 题的意义：换言之，为什么值得进行这项研究。Actually, my management style has always been pretty 这样，举例来说，如果我们开始回答“经常食用conservative. Wherever I've taken risks, it's been after 快餐食品对美国青少年有什么影响”那么我们就必须解释，此问题认为同这部分的人口有着非常satisfying myself that the research and the market studies 密切的关系，可能导致对此类食品作出某种规定。 supported my instincts. I may act on my intuition -- but only if my hunches are supported by the facts. 问题这一部分通常有一个小部分对该课题过去的研究民情况进行回顾。这可能包括对这个问Too many managers let themselves get weighed down in their 题以前的研究者作出的贡献进行总结以及对这些decision-making, especially those with too much education. I once said to Philip Caldwell, who became the top man at Ford 贡献作出某种评价。这一小部分具有修辞作用，因为它显示了所提供的资料是在对本领域所取得的成果透彻理解的基础上取得的，因而它提高了after I left: \对研究者的可信度。并且很可能是从某种调查研to Harvard, where they taught you not to take any action until 究中得出来的。 过程部分。研究报告的第二大部分准确阐述you've got all the facts. You've got ninety-five percent of 了，用尽可能多的资料，研究是如何进行的。这them, but it's going to take you another six months to get 部分包括说明所需要的设备，实验对象是怎样选that last five percent. And by the time you do, your facts 择的，如果使用了的话，用什么统计方法来评价will be out of date because the market has already changed. That's what life is all about -- timing.\实验成果的意义，进行了多少次观察以及什么时候进行的等。如果要对不同泳姿的相应效果进行研究的话，那么就要详细说明参加测试的人数，A good business leader can't operate that way. It's 进行测试的性质，游泳者的经历，进行测试的天perfectly natural to want the facts and to hold out for the research that guarantees a particular program will work. After all, if you're about to spend $300 million on a new 气条件，以及对整个实验有影响的其它因素。过程部分的目的是让读者能模拟实验，如果他愿意这么样来证实或驳斥你的结果的话。 结果部分。研究报告的第三，也许是最重要product, you want to be absolutely sure you're on the right 的部分是展示从研究中获得的结果。这部分的基本原则就是对最初提出的问题提供一切有关的资track. 料。当然，虽然人的自然倾向可能是对任何在某That's fine in theory, but real life just doesn't work 方面与自己的假设不符的结果进行隐瞒，可是这that way. Obviously, you're responsible for gathering as many 种不诚实与任何领域优秀的研究报告是相背的。relevant facts and projections as you possibly can. But at 如果所进行的实验不能证实什么，如果资料不充分或与期望相反，那么研究报告就应该如实而且some point you've got to take that leap of fait. First, because 尽可能完整地写下来，就象假设被研究证实了的even the right decision is wrong if it's made too late. Second, 那样把它写下来。 because in most cases there's no such thing as certainty. There are times when even the best manager is like the little 讨论部分。研究报告的最后一个必要部分就是讨论所获得的结果，阐述从那些结果中得出的任何结论。在商务和技术的研究报告中，人们主boy with the big dog waiting to see where the dog wants to 要关注是结果的可靠性，这也是公司决策的依据；go so he can take him there. What constitutes enough information for the 我们策划的项目符合联邦环境政策吗会得到批准进行吗这个新项目会吸引技术人材到我们公司来吗从金融方面看，这项石油回收新技术可行吗这decision-maker It's impossible to put a number on it, but 样，研究报告的讨论必须全面评价研究成果：它clearly when you move ahead with only 50 percent of the facts 们获得是否真实它们是完整的还是有局限性它们the odds are stacked against you. If that's the case, you had 的应用范围很大吗讨论部分也应该指出哪些问题仍然没有找到答案，也许对进一步研究提出一些better be very lucky -- or else come up with some terrific 建议。 hunches. There are times when that kind of gamble is called for, but it's certainly no way to run a railroad. 研究报告的文体 人们认为研究报告是属于正规的专业交流。据此，并不强调用活泼文体，当然也不反对文章At the same time, you'll never know 100 percent of what 写得生动有趣。专业交流的主要目的是准确、明you need. Like many industries these days, the car business 晰，完整。校订任何研究报告初稿都应保证所有资料正确提供，所有设备列出，所有结果恰当详is constantly changing. For us in Detroit, the great challenge 述。为方便读者，应该使用标题，至少标明报告is always to figure out what's going to appeal to customers 的主要部分，而所有资料都应当在恰当的标题下three years down the road. I'm writing these words in 1984, 陈述。标题除了有向读者提示每部分内容的功能and we're already planning our models for 1987 and 1988. Somehow I have to try to predict what's going to sell three 外，它还提高了报告的规范性和学术质量，同时报告是按逻辑、有条理地写出来的，因此在某种程度上增加了作者的可信度，消除了报告各部分and four years from now, even though I can't say with any 之间冗长的承上启下的词语。 certainty what the public will want next month. When you don't have all the facts, you sometimes have to 应该用一种恰当强调项目主要方面的方式陈述研究资料。对于不同的读者来说，不同的方面具有不同的重要性。应该考虑到报告的结构因不draw on your experience. Whenever I read in a newspaper that 同的读者而有所不同。例如：资方对研究项目的Lee Iacocca likes to shoot from the hip, I say to myself: 结果最为关心，所以这部分应该加以强调。在问题部分之后和过程部分之前有可能立即出现。其\maybe he's been shooting for so long that by this time 他的研究人员对过程部分尤为感兴趣，所以在把he has a pretty good idea of how to hit the target.\研究项目整理成文用于在专业刊物发表或在专业To a certain extent, I've always operated by gut feeling. 会议上宣读时，这一部分应该着重突出。对于非I like to be in the trenches. I was never one of those guys who could just sit around and strategize endlessly. But there's a new breed of businessmen, mostly people with M. B. A.' S, who are wary of intuitive decisions. In part, they're right. Normally, intuition is not a good enough basis 专业读者和联邦机构来说，首要考虑的是研究结果的含意，对于这部分读者来说，应该强调讨论部分。 另外为了明晰、强调，主要成果不仅应该用书面文字而且还应该用表格，图表，图解，简图等直观形式来表述。 除了检查研究报告是否在技术资料方面表达for making a move. But many of these guys go to the opposite 清楚、准确外，作者还应该检查基本语法和打印在陈述复杂信息时最好使用短句。extreme. They seem to think that every business problem can 方面是否准确。应该使用列举方法来避免长篇大论，强调信息。be structured and reduced to a case study. That may be true 研究报告的作者应该在不损害报告的专业质量的in school, but in business there has to be somebody around 情况下尽可能使用最简单的语言。虽然专业术语who will say: \能够使用，但虚饰的行为应当避免。一篇完整的hour.\研究报告应该是一份把读者装在心中，可读而又有用的文献。 D-Day, I'm always struck by the same thought: Eisenhower almost blew it because he kept vacillating. But finally he said: \ 结论 虽然我们在中学就努力去写好研究报告，在大学仍有点害怕，在专业生活中还经常感到它是一种负担，然而学会与之泰然相处也是一件相对ahead now. Waiting any longer could be even more dangerous. 容易的事。为了帮助人们及时而又有效地写出报So let's move it!\The same lesson applies to corporate life. There will 告，人们应该做到：有一种积极的态度（即把口头和书面陈述研究成果与资料收集过程看成同样重要）：写作步骤井然有序，包括写作前的准备工always be those who will want to take an extra month or two 作（即在进行实际研究工作之前，研究者应当尽to do further research on the shape of the roof on a new car. 可能多地把与研究课题有关的资料写下来）有一While that research may be helpful, it can wreak havoc on your production plans. After a certain point, when most of the relevant facts are in, you find yourself at the mercy of the law of diminishing returns. That's why a certain amount of risk-taking is essential. I realize it's not for everybody. There are some people who 贝尔蒙特宾馆，1952年6月11日 won't leave home in the morning without an umbrella even if 亲爱的妈妈： 个正式研究报告的构思作为调查的框架；有一个合理的写作方法，包括为了准确、清楚、将会很有效的进行校订过程。 职业的开端 the sun is shining. Unfortunately, the world doesn't always 你那份令我吃惊的电报，[宣布了由我转寄的wait for you try to anticipate your losses. Sometimes you just ＜明顿家的星期天＞、获得了＜小姐＞杂志五百have to take a chance -- and correct your mistakes as you go along. 元奖金。它正好是我在阴暗的贝尔蒙特餐厅洗餐桌时收到的我非常激动，大声叫着，竟一把抱住了女服务员领班。毫无疑问，她一定认为我发疯Back in the 1960s and through most of the 1970s, these 了。不管怎样，从心理上讲，你的电报来得正是things didn't matter as much as they do now. In those days the car industry was like a golden goose. We were making money 时候。那时我觉得很累——人到一个新地方，第一夜总是睡不好的——而我就没有睡多少觉。更糟糕的是，我是这里唯一的女招待。一直要擦洗almost without trying. But today, few businesses can afford 家具，洗盘子和银餐具，搬桌子等， 从上午８点the luxury of slow decision-making, whether it involves a guy 开始我刚知道，因为我完全没有经验，将不会让我在正厅工作，而是让我在经理们和主管人员就who's in the wrong job or the planning of a whole new line 餐的“侧厅”工作。所有，这个暑假的小费毫无of cars five years down the road. 疑问会少得多，并且一起干活的伙伴缺乏风趣。Despite what the textbooks say, most important decisions 我正开动为缺钱发愁时你的电报来了。上帝啊！in corporate life are made by individuals, not by committees. 想想看，《明顿家的星期天》竟是一家全国性通俗刊物的两篇获奖小说之一！说实话，我真地不My policy has always been to be democratic all the way to the 敢相信！ point of decision. Then I become the ruthless commander. 我当时想到的第一件事是：妈妈可以将她要给我\going to do.\暑假用的钱留下，买些好衣服，进行一次特别旅游什么的。至少我能够用《明顿家》获得的奖金买一件冬装和一套非常精美的衣服。奖金有五百You always need committees, because that's where people 元之多啊！ share their knowledge and intentions. But when committees 这么多人中，获奖的竟是我！ 现在这里一切都好起来，因为我不必为钱担心replace individuals -- and Ford these days has more committees 了，……啊，即使这第一个星期之后我双脚疼得than General Motors -- then productivity begins to decline. 要命，即使摔破了二十个盘子我仍然会到海滩去，To sun up: nothing stands still in this world. I like to 要侍者为我拿酒，要享受海边的阳光，要与年轻go duck hunting, where constant movement and change and facts of life. You can aim at a duck and get it in your sights, but 的伙伴同乐。多么美好的生活！ 爱你，你那发疯的女儿。 西维 the duck is always moving. In order to hit the duck, you have 1952年6月12日 to move your gun. But a committee faced with a major decision can't always move as quickly as the events it's trying to 毫无疑问，我睡足觉，学会用左手端稳高高的盘子后， 我会感到更高兴的。现在实际上，我觉得自己陷respond to. By the time the committee is ready to shoot, the 入一伙闹哄哄、厚脸皮的爱尔兰天主教徒之中，duck has flown away. 无法脱身，而我能够自乐的唯一办法就是说：“嗯，只是一个夏天，而我还可以把他们写到我 I Have a Dream Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic 的小说里去呢。”至少，我已经为我的下一个主人公取了一个新名字——马莉，一个能说会道熟知人情世故的女孩，小伙子们与大姑娘的比例越来越小。所以如果我被这儿哪个最年轻的小伙子shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This 追求的话，那我是很幸运的。这里的很多女孩确momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to 实机灵，能喝酒，会调情卖俏。而我因是那种保守、文静、优雅的女孩，所以不太可能和一些帅millions of Negro salves who had been seared in the flames 小伙子约会……要是我能与这些女孩相处很好，of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end 作她们朋友而决不让她们知道我是个文雅的知识the long night of captivity. But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that 分子的话，那就好了。 对于《小姐》杂志那条消息，我还是感到不可理解。我曾经确信他们弄错了，或是你杜撰出来让the Negro is still not free. One hundred tears later, the life 我高兴的。最大的好处将是我不必为这个夏天只of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of 能挣到300美金发愁了。不然的话，我会忧心忡segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty 忡的。我现在真是急不可耐地希望八月到来，到那时我可随意走进杂货店拿起一册漂亮的《小姐》杂志，赶快翻到索引部分，看到我，美国两名女in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One 大学生之一！
大学英语精读第5册课文全文翻译 - 图文
