advertising and marketing, economics and accounting, science 计。在我看来，地球文明社会的问题还远未解决。and engineering, psychology, anthropology, the arts, and agriculture may all require regular reporting of research data. ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPER 我个人认为理解在一个宇宙中只有我们这一个技术文明是很困难的。或着少数几个宇宙与想象的一个充满生命的宇宙想比也是一样。幸运的是，这个问题的许多方面可以经得起实践的检验。我们能够搜寻其它恒星，寻找象火星这样离我们很近的行星上的简单生命形式，并且在实验室中可以对生命起源的化学机理作更广泛的研究。我们The standard research report, regardless of the field or 还可以更深入地研究生物和社会的进化原理。这the intended reader, contains four major sections. These 个问题需要人们长期地、不带偏见地、系统地去sections may be broken down into a variety of subsections, and they may be arranged in a variety of ways, but they regularly make up the core of the report. Problem Section. The first required section of a research report is the statement of the problem with which the research project is concerned. This section requires a precise statement of the underlying question which the researcher has set out to answer. In this same section there should be an 探索，而只有大自然才是什么可能、什么不可能的唯一仲裁者。 借书证 一天早上，我上班到得早，便走进银行的门explanation of the significance -- social, economic, medical, 廊，里面有一个黑人清洁工在拖地。我站在柜台psychological, educational, etc. -- of the question; in other words, why the investigation was worth conducting. Thus, if 边，拿了一份孟菲斯《商业呼声报》，读起了免费报纸。我最后翻到社论版，上面登了一篇写关于一名叫.门肯的人的文章。我听说门肯是《美国信we set out, for example, to answer the question \使》报的编辑。不过除此之外，对他毫无别的了effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of 解。该文言辞激烈地遣责门肯，文章结尾时用了一句辛辣的短句：门肯是个傻子。 the American teenager\我在想这位门肯先生到底做了什么事以至于thought to have significant relevance to the health of this 引得南方对他嘲弄。我所听说过在南方唯一受到segment of the population and might lead to some sort of 谴责的人就是黑人。而此人不是黑人。那么门肯regulations on such foods. 持有什么样的观点使得象《商业呼声》这样的报纸公开攻击他不用说，他一定是在宣扬南方所不A frequent subsection of this problem section is a review 喜欢的思想。 of past research on the topic being investigated. This would consist of summaries of the contributions of previous researcher to the question under consideration with some 那么我怎样能够弄清楚门肯其人江边有一大型图书馆，但我知道，正如不许黑人进入城里的公园和运动场一样，他们也同样不被允许进入图书馆。我曾经几次去过那儿，帮正在干活的白人assessment of the value of these contributions. This 借书。 subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it enhances the credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data 他们中有哪个人能帮我借书呢？ 我反复琢磨着这些白人的人品。有一个犹太人叫唐，但我信不过他。他的情况并不比我好多presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been 少，而且我知道他这个人总是不安分没有安全感。done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some 他待我总是满不在乎、傲气十足，对我的轻视几乎也不加掩饰。我不敢要他去帮我借书。他特别investigative tradition. 渴望表示自己在与白人团结一致反对黑人，这使Procedures Section. The second major section of the 他有可能会出卖我。 research report details, with as much data as possible, exactly how the study was carried out. This section includes description of any necessary equipment, how the subjects were 那么老板如何样呢不成。他是个浸礼会教徒，我有这样的怀疑，就是他可能不大会明白为什么一个黑人孩子想去读门肯的书。上班的还有一些别的白人，但他们的态度明确地表明他们要么是selected if subjects were used, what statistical technique 三K党徒，要么是其支持者，要他们帮忙是不可was used to evaluate the significance of the findings, how many observations were made and when, etc. An investigation 能的。 仅剩一人了，他的态度不属于反黑人的范畴，因为我曾经听白人们叫他为“拍教皇马屁的of the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes would 人”。他是爱尔兰的天主教徒，南方白人不喜欢have to detail the number of swimmers tested, the nature of 他。我知道他常读书。因为我曾经有几次帮他去图书馆借过书。因为他也是白人仇视的对象，我the tests conducted, the experience of the swimmers, the 感到他也许会拒绝我但不大可能出卖我。我拿不weather conditions at the time of the test, and any other 准，只在心里反复琢磨，反复权衡着这无法估计factors that contributed to the overall experiment. The goal 的事情。 of the procedures section is to allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if such were desired to confirm, or refute, your findings. Results Section. The third, and perhaps most important, section of the research report is the presentation of the results obtained from the investigation. The basic rule in this section is to give all data relevant to the research question initially asked. Although, of course, one's natural 一天早上，我来到这位天主教徒的桌子边停下。 “我想请你帮个忙。”我低声对他说。 “什么忙” “我想借书。我从图书馆中借不到书。 我不知道你可否让我用一用你的借书证” 他满心怀疑地看着我。 “我的证大部分时间都借满了，”他说。 “我知道。”我边说边等待着，用沉默来提出我的问题。 “你不是想给我惹麻烦，对吗，小伙子”他tendency might be to suppress any findings which do not in 两眼瞪着我。 some way support one's hypothesis, such dishonesty is antithetical to good research reporting in any field. If the “噢，不，先生。” “你想借什么书” “.门肯写的。“ experiments undertaken fail to prove anything, if the data was inadequate or contrary to expectations, the report should be honestly written and as complete as possible, just as it would be if the hypothesis were totally proven by the research. Discussion Section. The final required section of a research report is a discussion of the results obtained and a statement of any conclusions which may be drawn from those results. Of primary interest in business and technical research reports is the validity of the results as the bases for company decisions: Will our planned construction project meet federal environmental guidelines and be approved for building Will this new program attract skilled personnel to our company Will this new oil recovery technique be “哪一本” “我不知道。他写过不止一本书吗” “他写了好几本。” “我以前不知道。” “你为什么想读门肯的书” “噢，我刚刚在报纸上看到他的名字。”我说。 “你想读书是不错的，”他说， “不过，你应该读一些好的书。” 我什么也没说。他会不会要监督我的阅读呢？ “让我想一下，我会想出办法的。”他说。 我转过身走开，他把我叫了回来。 有些不解地盯着我说： “理查德，不要对其他的白人讲此事。” “我知道，我是一个字也不会说的。” 几天后，他把我叫了过去。 “我用我妻子的名义搞了张借书证，”他说。financially feasible Thus, the discussion section of the “我的这张就给你了。” “谢谢你，先生。” research report must evaluate the research results fully: “你认为自己能成功吗” were they validly obtained, are they complete or limited, are they applicable over a wide range of circumstances The discussion section should also point out what question remain unanswered and perhaps suggest directions for further research. STYLE OF RESEARCH REPORTS “我会搞妥的。”我说。 “如果他们怀疑上你，你就麻烦了。”他说。 “我会象你以前让我去借书时一样写张条子给图书馆。”我告诉他说， “我会签上你的名子的。” 他听后笑了起来。 “去吧。看看你能借到什么书。” 那天下午，我竭尽全力造了一张假便条。但是，.门肯写的书的书名都是什么呢我一点也不知Research reports are considered formal professional 道。最后，我写了一张自认为万无一失的条子：communication. As such, there is little emphasis on a lively 亲爱的夫人，请让这个小黑鬼——我使用了“黑鬼”这个词是为了让图书管理员不认为我写这张style, although, of course, there is no objection to writing 便条——借几本.门肯的书好吗在便条上我假冒that is pleasing and interesting. The primary goals of 了这个白人的签名。 professional communication are accuracy, clarity, and completeness. The rough draft of any research report should 我象以往为白人跑腿借书时一样走进了图书馆，但不知怎么搞的，我总觉得自己不知会在什么地方出点岔子，最终暴露自己。我摘下帽子，be edited to ensure that all data is correctly presented, that 毕恭毕敬地站在离借书桌有一段距离的地方，显all equipment is listed, that all results are properly detailed. As an aid to the reader, headings indicating at least the major section of the report should be used, and all data should be presented under the proper headings. In addition to their function of suggesting to the reader the contents of each section, headings enhance the formal appearance and professional quality of the report, increase to some degree the writer's credibility by reflecting a logical and methodical approach to the reporting process, and eliminate the need for wordy transitional devices between sections. Research data should be presented in a way that places proper emphasis on major aspect of the project. For different 出一副不会读书的样子，等着白人读者先借。桌边已经空无一人了，我仍在等着。 白人管理员看着我问道： “你想干什么，伙计” 像不会说话一样 我迈向前，一声也没作的把那张伪造的条子递了过去。 “他想借门肯的书”她问。 “我不知道，夫人。”我躲开了她的双眼。 “这张卡是谁给你的” “福尔克先生。” “他在哪儿” “他在工作。在M——光学仪器公司，”我说， “我以前在这儿给他借过书。” “我记得，”她说。“但他从未写过象这样的条子。” 噢，天啊！她有点怀疑了。也许她不会让我readers different aspects will take on different degrees of 借这些书了。如果当时她转过身去的话，我一定会低头冲出门外，再也不回去了。这时，我想出importance, and some consideration should be given to 了一个大胆的主意。 structuring research reports differently for different “你可以打电话问问他，夫人，”我说道，audiences. Management, for example, will be most concerned 心里却紧张得砰砰狂跳。 with the results of a research project, and thus the results section should be emphasized, probably by presenting it “不是你自己用这些书吧”她直率地问。 “噢，不会，夫人。我不会认字。” “我不知道他要门肯的什么书”她低声说immediately after the problem section and before the 道。此时，我知道成功了。她已经忘了种族问题，procedures section. Other researchers would be most interested in the procedures section, and this should be 在考虑其它的问题了。她走到书架前，又转过头来看过我一、两次，似乎仍对我有些怀疑。最后她拿了两本书走了过来。“我借给他两本书。”highlighted in writing up research projects for publication 她说。 in professional journals or for presentation at professional conferences. For non-technical readers and federal agencies, the implications of the results might be the most important “但你要告诉福尔克先生，下次让他来，要不就告诉他要借的书的名字。我不清楚他借什么书。” 我什么也没有说。她在借书证上盖了章，然consideration, and emphasis should be placed on the 后把书交给了我。我连看都没敢看一眼借到的书discussion of the report for this readership. 就走出了图书馆，生怕她会把我叫回去进一步地盘问。走出一个街区后我打开其中一本书，看了《序言集》。我马上就十九岁了，可我For additional clarity and emphasis, major results should 一下书名：be presented in a visual format -- tables, charts, graphs, diagrams -- as well as in a verbal one. 不知道怎样发“序言”这个词的音。我用手指快速地翻着，看到了一些奇怪的词和句子。我失望地摇了摇头。又去看另一本书。书名叫《偏见》。Beyond checking the report for clarity and accuracy in 我知道这个词的含义。我从小到大都一直在听到the presentation of technical data, the author of a research 这个词。我由此一下子对门肯的书有了警觉。为什么一个人要把书名定为《偏见》呢这个词沾满report should review for basic grammatical and mechanical 了我对种族仇恨的所有记忆，我以致于无法想象accuracy. Short sentences are preferable to long in the 会有人以它作为书名。也许我错看了门肯一个带presentation of complex information. Listings should be used 有偏见的人肯定是错的。 to break up long passages of prose and to emphasize information. The research writer should try to use the 当我把书扔给福尔克先生看时，他望了望我皱起了眉头。 “图书管理员可能会给你打电话的。”我先simplest possible language without sacrificing the 给他提个醒。 professional quality of the report. Although specialized terms can be used, pretentious jargon should be avoided. A “这好办。”他说，“但是当你读完这些书后，希望你能告诉我从中学到了些什么。” 那天晚上，有租来的房间里，我让热水冲着finished research report should be readable and useful 洗碗池里的猪肉烧豆罐头，一边打开那本《序言document prepared with the reader in mind. CONCLUSION 集》读了起来。我被书中的风格和它那干净、整齐，有力的句子给震惊了。他为什么要这样写呢又是怎样象这样写成的呢我把他想象成一个凶狠的魔鬼一样，用手中的笔奋力进攻，内心充满仇 Although we struggle with research reports in high 恨。对美国的一切进行抨击，而又竭力称颂欧洲school, dread them in college, and are often burdened by them 或德国的一切东西。他嘲笑人性的弱点，嘲弄上帝和权威。这是怎么回事我站起来，试图弄明白in our professional live, learning to live comfortably with 隐藏在字眼后面的实际情况。是的，这个人一生them is a relatively easy task. A positive attitude . one that 在战斗，用他手中的笔作武器进行战斗。他就象seem the oral or written presentation of research results as of equal importance to the data-gathering process); an orderly approach which includes prewriting ., before any 别人使用棍棒一样使用文字。文字可以作为武器吗是的，因为在这儿就是如此。不，这种想法把我吓坏了。而是居然会有人有勇气说这些话。 我遇到了很多自己不知其意的词。有些我查actual research is done, the researcher should try to get down 了字典，有些词还没等我去查，就又遇见了，通过上下文词义清楚了。世界多么奇特啊！看完书on paper as much about the subject under investigation as 后我得出一个结论，那就是不知由于什么原因，possible) and a formal research report structure as the 自己忽视了生活中一些重要的东西。我曾经试过framework for the investigation; and a reasonable approach 写作，也曾十分乐意去感受事物，让我那淳朴的to the actual writing process including editing for accuracy 想象云游四方。但人生的经历慢慢地磨灭了这些的冲动的梦想。现在它又冒了出来。我渴望看书，
大学英语精读第5册课文全文翻译
