一、 现在完成时：表示过去已经发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响
或结果。即“过去的动作 + 现在的结果”， 强调结果。如：
I have bought a new bike. (= I bought a new bike, and I have a new bike now.) 我已经买了一辆新的自行车。（强调我现在有了一辆新车。）
（一）构成形式： 助动词have / has + 动词的过去分词
肯定句： I have seen the film. 我已经看过这部电影。 否定句： I haven’t seen the film. 我没看过这部电影。 一般疑问句： Have you seen the film? 你看过这部电影了吗？
回答： Yes, I have. 是的，我看过了。 No, I haven’t. 不，我没看过。 特殊疑问句： What have you done? 你已经做了什么？
（二）have/ has been to与 have/ has gone to
have/ has been to + 某地， 到过某地，说话时人已经回来了。
have /has gone to + 某地， 说明去了某地， 说话时人还没回来。 如： I have been to Beijing twice. 他去过北京两次。
---- Where is Jim? 吉姆在哪儿？--- He has gone to the library? 他去图书馆了。
（三）现在完成时常与下列表不明确的状语连用：
1．already 和 yet already “已经”（多用于肯定陈述句），如：He has already gone home. 他已经回家了。 yet “已经; 还”（用于否定句或疑问句），如：Have you found him yet? 你已经找到他了吗？ I haven’t finished my homework yet. 我还没完成作业。 ※ already 也可用于疑问句，表“出乎意料或惊奇”
Have you finished your homework already? 难道你已经完成作业了？ 2．ever 和 never ever “曾经”（多用于疑问句，问初次经历），如：I have ever been abroad. 我曾出过国。 never
never“从未；从来不”（多用于否定陈述句），常回答ever的句型。如： I have never seen him before.
----Has he ever been abroad? 他曾出过国吗？----No, never. 不，从来不。 3．just
just “刚刚”（多用于肯定句，位于谓语动词之前），如： I have just tried to call you. 我刚刚打电话给你。 4．before
before “之前”（一般位于句末；常与never呼应）， 如： He says he has never seen such beautiful scenery before. 他说他以前从来没看过这么美的风景。
（四）现在完成时中延续性的动作或状态和由for / since 引导的一段时间状语搭配使用：
a)“for + 时间段” (长达…) 与 “since + 时间点”（自从……以来）， 都表“一段时间”，常用How long 提问。
如: ----How long have you been like this?
---I have been like this since last month./ for a month. ---How long have you lived in Changle?
----I have lived in Changle for ten years / since ten years ago.
b) 如句中含有非延续性动词，则改为相应的延续性动词或状态。
如：I bought this TV three days ago.= I have had this TV for three days. His cat died yesterday.= His cat has been dead since yesterday. 常见的非延续性动词转换成延续性动词如下：
come—be here; go—be there; close—be closed; open—be open; buy—have; borrow —keep; leave—be away; begin—be on; finish—be over; die—be dead etc.
二、 构词法
合成词：由两个或者更多独立的单词组合成一个单词。如：
motherland, basketball, filmmaker, birthday; hometown, greenhouse, etc.
派生词：一词通过加前缀或后缀构成一个新词。 如：1）常见的前缀
dis-; un-; im- 表示“不”， 如：
dislike（不喜欢） disappear（消失） disagree （不同意）disobey（不遵守）
unhappy（不快乐） unfair（不公平） unlike（不像） unfriendly（不友好） impolite （不礼貌） impossible（不可能）
re- 表示“重复”， 如：
retell（复述） review（复习） rewrite（重写） return（重返）
super- 表示“超”， 如：
supermarket（超市） superman（超人） superstar（超级明星）
mis- 表示“错误”， 如：
mistake（错误） misunderstand（误解）
2) 常见的后缀：
名词后缀：-er, -or; -ness; -tion; - ment 如：
worker（工人） player（选手） teacher（教师） driver（司机） visitor （参观者） inventor（发明者） translator （翻译者）
question（问题） invention （发明） education （教育） organization（组织） movement（运动 ） agreement（同意） development（发展）
形容词后缀：-ful; -ous; -less - able; -y 如：
useful （有用的） careful（认真的） helpful （有帮助的） successful（成功的） dangerous（危险的） famous （著名的） delicious （可口的） serious（严肃的） homeless （无家可归的） careless（粗心的） useless（无用的） changeable （易变的） countable（可数的）
cloudy （多云的） windy （有风的） sleepy（困倦的） rainy（下雨的）
三、直接引语和间接引语
在引用别人原话时，被引用的部分称为直接引语；如： “What are you reading,Jane?” Maria asked.
当用自己的话转述别人的话时，被转述部分称为间接引语。如： Maria asked Jane what she was reading.
直接引语和间接引语可互相转换，但要注意以下几个变化：
直接引语变为间接引语时，引导词要根据句子类型的不同有所变化。
1）如果直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，引导词用that或省略。如： She said, “I’m very glad to have such a chance.”
→She said (that) she was very glad to have such a chance. 2）如果是一般疑问句时，则用whether或 if。如： Maria asked Jane, “Can they get good food and medicine?”
→Maria asked Jane whether/ if they could get good food and medicine.
3）如果是特殊疑问句时，则用相应的疑问词what, where, which, how等。如： Maria asked Jane, “ What are you reading?” →Maria asked Jane what she was reading.
4）如果是祈使句时，则多用动词ask, tell, order引导的不定式结构。如： Mother said to me, “ Try again.”→ Mother asked me to try again. “ Don’t be afraid”, Tom said to Dick.→Tom told Dick not to be afraid. 语序的变化：若是从句，一律为陈述语序。 时态的变化。
1）主句为现在或将来时态时，间接引语的时态不变；如： He says, “I’m tired.”→ He says he is tired.
He will say, “ The boy was lazy.”→ He will say the boy was lazy.
2）主句为过去时态时，间接引语则一般都有改成相应的过去时态，但表示自然科学和真理之类的仍以现在时出现。如：
He said, “I’m sorry.”→ He said he was sorry.
The teacher told us, “The earth moves around the sun.” → The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 人称的变化。如：
The teacher said, “John, you must bring your book to the class.” → The teacher told John that he must bring his book to the class.
时间状语的变化。如：now→then; today→that day; tonight→that night; this morning→that morning; ago→before; yesterday→the day before; last night→the night before; the day before yesterday→two days before; tomorrow→the next day; next week→the next week. 地点状语的变化。如：here→there
指示代词的变化。如：this→that; these → those 动词的变化。如：come → go; bring → take
四、不定代词和不定副词：
(一) 不定代词：
指人：someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody no one/ nobody everyone/everybody 指物：something anything nothing everything （二）不定副词
指地点：somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere （三）用法：
1． some-复合代词/副词常用于肯定句；如：
I saw someone in the room. 我看见房间里有人。 There is something in the woods. 树林里有什么东西。
He has gone somewhere warm for his holiday. 他去暖和的地方度假了。 2． any-复合代词/副词常用于否定句或疑问句；如：
I didn’t see anyone in the room. 我没看见有人在房间里。
There isn’t anything in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。
He hasn’t gone somewhere warm for his holiday.他没去暖和的地方度假。 3． no- 复合代词/副词表全否定；如：
I saw nobody in the room. 我看见房间里没有人。 There is nothing in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。 4． every- 复合代词/副词代替全部；如：
Everyone is here. 大家都在这儿。
It seems he knows everything. 似乎他知道一切。
※ some-复合代词/副词用于疑问句中时，表希望得到对方的肯定回答或表请求；如：
Would you like something to drink? 你要点喝的东西吗？ ※ any-复合代词/副词用于肯定句时，表“任何”；如：
If people spit anywhere in public, they should be punished. 如果人们在公众的任何地方吐痰，他们应该受罚。 ※ 不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；如：
No one knows this secret. 没有一人知道这个秘密。 Everything goes well. 一切进展顺利。
※ 如果有定语修饰,定语应放在不定代词或不定副词后；如：
I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事告诉你。 There is nobody strange here. 这儿没有一个陌生人。
※ no= not any → nobody = not anybody; nothing = not anything
She didn’t say anything. = She said nothing. 她什么也没说。 There is nobody strange here.= There isn’t anybody strange here. 这儿没有一个陌生人。
四、并列句：是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子，连词前可用逗号，也可不用逗号。
1．表示并列关系，常用连接词有and, not only…but also…等。如：
His father is a teacher and his mother is a doctor.他的父亲是一位老师，母亲是一位医生。 Mr. Green can not only drive a car but also repair it.格林先生不但会开车而且还能修车。 2．表示转折，常用连词有but, while等。如：
I bought my sister a present, but she didn’t like it.我给妹妹买了一件礼物，但是她并不喜欢。Tom does housework every day while his sister does nothing. 汤姆每天都做家务活，而他的妹妹什么也不做。
3．表示选择关系，常用连词有or, either…or…等。如：
He speaks French, or perhaps he understands it.他会讲法语，或者懂法语。 Either he could not come or he did not want to.他要么是不能来要么是不想来。 表示因果关系，常用连词有so, for等。如：
Her mother is ill, so she has to stay at home and look after her mother.
她母亲病了，所以她不得不呆在家里照看她。
1.Mr. Green ___ England. He ___ London for two weeks. A. has been to, will be to B. has gone to, will be in
C. has been to, will be in D. has gone to, will be to
2.Maria’s learned about 1000 Chinese words in our school, ___? A. isn’t she B. doesn’t she C. didn’t she D. hasn’t, she 3.---How long ___ you____ your hometown? ---More than two years.
A. have, left B. were, away from C. did, leave D. have, been away from 4.--__you__the film yet? --Yes, I__it last Saturday.
A. Will, see, saw B. Did, see, saw C. Have, seen, have seen D. Have, seen, saw 5.---How long have you been like this? ---___.
A. Since last month B. Last month ago C. Last month before D. Last month 6.---____ you ____ the new film? ---Yes, I ___ it last week.
A. Have, saw, saw B. Did, see, saw C. Have, seen, saw D. Did, see, see 7.Great changes__in my hometown recently.
A. have been taken place B. have taken placeC. have been happenedD. was happened 8.---Where’s Jim?---He ____ Disneyland.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. has been in D. has been at 9.---Have you ever slept in the open air? ---___. I’m very timid(胆小的).
A. Yes, I have B. No, I haven’t C. Yes, I do D. No, I don’t 10.The United Nation has ___ the poor people in the world.
A. give support to B. given support to C. gave support to D. given support for 11.---Have you___ been to Beijing? ---No, I have ___ been there.
仁爱版九年级英语unit1,Unit2重点语法
