高考语法复习 1 名词
【走进高考】
1. 【2019·江苏卷 】26.Nowadays the ___________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery. A. priority
B. potential
C. proportion
D. pension
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A. priority优先；优先权；B. potential潜在的，可能的；C. proportion比例，占比；D. pension退休金，抚恤金。故选A。 2. 【2018·江苏】Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made. A. assignment 【答案】D
【解析】考查名词，词义辨析及语境理解。 句意：试着去理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。A. assignment 分配； B. association 交往； C. acquisition 获得；D. assumption 假设。故选D。 3. .7.We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________on our lives in 【2019·天津卷 】many ways. A. statement C. impression 【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。 statement“陈述说明”； impact“强烈的影响，冲击力”； impression“印象，感想”； judgement“判断力判断”。故选B。
4.6. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to 【2018·天津】explore the outer space. A. advice
B. order D. invitation
B. impact D. judgment
B. association
C. acquisition
D. assumption
C. possibility 【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议；B. order命令；C. possibility可能性；D. invitation邀请。故选C。 5. 【2018·32. Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the _______ you’ve made. 江苏】A. assignment C. acquisition
B. association D. assumption
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：尝试理解实际发生的事情，而不是按照你所做的假设行事。 6. 【2018·新课标卷I·语法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause). 【答案】causes
【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根据句意用复数形式。故填causes。
7. 【2018·浙江卷 】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese 56 (dish) is seen as especially troublesome. 【答案】dishes
【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。
8. 【2018·浙江卷 】F Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in 64 (weigh) problems. 【答案】weight
【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题，用名词修饰problems，故填weight。
9. 【2018·天津】The _______ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the other space. A. advice 【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其他星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice 建议； B. order命令； C. possibility 可能性； D. invitation 邀请。 故选C。 10. 【2016·天津】The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _____ of rain later tonight. A. effect 【答案】D
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：天气预报说今天会是多云，后半夜可能有雨。A.影响；B.感觉；C.改变；D.机会，可能性。故选D。
11. 【2016·浙江】It is important to pay your electricity bill on time , as late payments may affect your ______. A. condition B. income C. credit D. status
B. sense
C. change
D. chance
B. order
C. possibility
D. invitation
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：准时付电费很重要，因为付晚了会影响你的信用。condition 条件；income收入；credit学分，信用（卡）。 根据句意故选C。
12. 【2016·江苏】— Can you tell us your______ for happiness and a long life? — Living every day to the full, definitely. A. recipe 【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。名词recipe秘诀，食谱，药方；record记录；range范围；receipt收据，收条；句意：----你能告诉我你对幸福长寿的秘密吗？----当然是尽情享受每一天。根据句意可知A项意思，与上下文相符。
13.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all (cause)． 答案：causes
解析：all 修饰可数名词复数。
14. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 15. 答案：pollution
解析： 作动词decrease 的宾语，用名词形式。
15. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.3. introduction
16.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. 16.答案：effects
解析：此处用some 修饰，用名词复数。
17. (2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work. 答案crowds
B. record
C. range
D. receipt
解析：crow 是可数名词，需要用复数。
18(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum—she never suspects. 18答案：days
解析：few 修饰可数名词复数。 【语法精讲】 考点解读：
1.给出名词提示词，考查名词的数；
2. 给出其他词性形式(通常为动词、形容词)的提示词，填写名词 考点一
名词的数
名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数之分， 不可数名词没有复数形式。 一、可数名词复数的变化规则 1．可数名词复数的规则变化
一般情况下在词尾直接加-s 以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的名词，在词尾加-es 以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，把y变为i再加-es；以元音字母＋y结尾的名词，直接加-s 以-o结尾的名词，常在词尾加-s 以-f或-fe结尾的名词，常把f或fe变成v，再加-es；少数词尾加-s 2.可数名词复数的不规则变化 单复数同形 词形变化 deer, sheep, Chinese, means(方式，方法), series, species man→men, woman→women, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse→mice 将主体名词变为复数：passer-by→passers-by, looker-on→lookers-on 无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。grown-up→grown-ups, stand-by→stand-bys 名词前有 man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式。如：woman doctor→women cities, countries, factories, boys, toys, holidays radios, photos, pianos, zoos(例外：heroes, tomatoes, potatoes) half→halves, leaf→leaves, knife→knives(例外：roofs, chiefs, gulfs, beliefs, proofs) books, horses, beds, pages glasses, boxes, brushes, watches (例外：stomach→stomachs) 合成名词 的复数
man或 woman修饰 疑难点 doctors，man waiter→men waiters (1)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks, congratulations, shoes, trousers, works(著作；工厂), manners(礼貌), spirits(情绪), instructions(操作说明), directions(用法说明), papers(试卷，文件), times(时代)等。
(2)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有take turns to do sth., in high spirits, make friends with, shake hands with, make preparations for，make both ends with, take pains to do等。 二、不可数名词 1．常考的不可数名词
一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, equipment, fun, luggage, luck, work(工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word(消息), room(空间), man(人类)等。 疑难点：word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。 2．抽象名词的具体化
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：
抽象名词(不可数) in surprise惊讶地 win success获得成功 win honour赢得荣誉 failure失败 by experience靠经验 with pleasure乐意 [即时演练]——单句语法填空 —Where did you two have your stomachs(stomach) examined?
—At the doctor’s. We were examined by two famous Germans(German)． 考点二
名词的格 1．’s所有格
主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词，其变化方法如下：
构成 一般是名词词尾加’s 例词 John’s home 约翰的家 students’ textbooks 学生们的课本 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词) a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 a success一个(件)成功的人(事) an honour一个(件)值得尊敬的人(事) a failure一个(件)失败的人(事) an experience一次经历 a pleasure一件乐事 以-s或-es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加’
2020年高考英语易错语法点30题专题01 名词(解析版)
