OB复习题
一、名词解释
1、Learning: Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. 2、Attitude: Evaluate statements or judgements concerning objects,people,or events.
3、Informal Group: A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; appears in response to the need for social contact.
4、Communication:The transference and understanding of meaning.
5、Leadership:The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals.
6、Organization :A consciously coordinated social unit,composed of two or more people,that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.
7、Motivation:The process that account for an individual's intensity,direction,and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
8、Personality:The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with thers. 9、Negotiation:A process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them. 二、掌握的知识点 1、Attitude: ①implication above;
②It can be seen by looking at the three components: cognition, affect, and behavior.
③Most research in OB has been concerned with three types of attitudes: job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment.
④Attitude and Consistency: Research has generally concluded that people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior.
⑤Cognitive Dissonance Theory: No individual, of course, can completely avoid dissonance. If the elements creating the dissonance are relatively unimportant, the pressure to correct this imbalance will be low. The degree of influence that individuals believe that they have over the elements will have an impact on how they will react to the dissonance. High rewards accompanying high dissonance tend to reduce the tension inherent in the dissonance. ⑥Measuring the A-B(attitude-behavior) relationship:
A. Moderating Variables: The more specific the attitude and the more specific the behavior, the stronger the link between the two.
B. Self-perception theory: Attitudes are used after the fact to make sense out of an action that has already occurred.
⑦An application—Attitude Surveys: Elicit responses from employees through questionnaires about how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors(监督者), and the organization. ⑧Attitude and Workforce Diversity(劳动多样性): It is increasingly concerned with changing employee attitudes to reflect shifting perspectives on racial, gender, and other diversity issues. 2、Job involvement: It is a kind of the degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her performance important to self-worth. 3、The big five model:
The Big-Five model includes the following five factors:
①Extroversion: A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious(协; （信任的）), and assertive作的．
②Agreeableness: A personality dimension describing someone who is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.
③Conscientiousness: A personality dimension describing someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
④Emotional stability: A personality dimension characterizing someone as calm, self-confident, secure(positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure(negative).
⑤Openness to experience: A personality dimension characterizing someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.
4、Maslow's hierarchy of needs: There is a hierarchy of five needs,as each need is substantially
satisfied, the next need become dominant. These needs are:
①Physiological: as hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. ②Safety: as security and protection from physical and emotional harm. ③Social: as affection, belongingness, acceptance, friendship.
④Esteem: internal esteem: as self-respect, autonomy(自主), achievement; external esteem: as status, recognition, attention.
⑤Self-actualization: as growth, achieving one's potential, self-fulfillment.
5、Two-Factor Theory: In this theory, intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction.
Intrinsic factors,such as advancement, recognition, responsibility, and achievement. Respondents who feel good about their work tend to attribute these factors to themselves. Extrinsic factors, such as supervision, pay, company policies, working conditions, job security, relationship with others, will be cited when respondents dissatisfy. And these can be included in hygiene factors, while they are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied.
6、ERG theory: It is a revised version of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, consisting of three groups of core needs: existence, relatedness, growth.
Existence: concerned with providing our basic material, including physiological and safety. Relatedness: social and status desires require interaction with others, including social and the external component of esteem.
Growth: including the intrinsic component of esteem and self-actualization. 7、Group:
①Defining: Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives. People join groups because of security, status, self-esteem, affiliation, power, goal achievements.
②Classifying: Formal groups: command group, task group ; Informal groups: interest group, friendship group.
***Stages of Group Development refer to “掌握的知识点 12”
③Group structure: Roles(Role Identity, Role Perception, Role Expectations, Role conflict) ; Norms(Common Classes of Norms, Conformity(从众), Deviant(偏离) Workplace Behavior) ; Status ; Size ; Cohesiveness(零距离).
***Group Decision Making refer to “简答 9”
8、Trait Theories: They consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders
from nonleaders according to the following seven traits: ambition and energy, the desire to lead, honesty and integrity, self-confident, intelligence, high self-monitoring, job-relevant knowledge.
9、Double-loop learning: Learning organizations use double-loop learning.Errors are corrected by modifying the organization's objectives, policies, and standard routines.In this way, it provides opportunities for radically different solutions to problems and dramatic jumps in improvement. 10、Selective perception: People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests,
background, experience, and attitudes,which is called selective perception.
11、Methods of shaping behavior: Shaping behavior Systematically reinforces each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.There are four ways to shape behavior: ①through positive reinforcement, ②through negative reinforcement, ③punishment, ④extinction(消亡).
12、Five-stage group-development model:
①Forming stage: the first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty. ②Storming stage: the second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict.
③Norming stage: the third stage in group development, characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness.
④Performing stage: the fourth stage in group development, when the group is fully functional.
⑤Adjourning stage: the final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance. 三、简答
1、List the Henri Fayol's five management functions and today's four management functions.
Henri Fayol's five management functions: plan, organize, command, coordinate, control. Today's four management functions: planning, organizing, leading, controlling.
2、List the 10 different , highly interrelated management roles. Interpersonal roles include: figurehead(虚君), leader, liaison（联络者）
Informational roles include: monitor（监听者）, disseminator（消息发布者）, spokesperson （发言人）
Decisional roles include: entrepreneur, disturbance handler（控制者）, resource allocator, negotiator
3、Explain the three essential management skills that Robert Katz has identified.
①Technical Skills: They encompass the ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise. ②Human Skills: They refer to the ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups.
③Conceptual Skills: They refer to the mental ability to analyse and diagnose complex situations.
4、List three theories of learning.
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