英语专业八级TEM8语言学复习辅导

2011 TEM8语言学复习——2011年1月14日

英语专业八级考试样题《高校英语专业八级考试大纲(2004年新版)》

38.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is _______

A. morphology B. general linguistics C. phonology D. semantics

39. Which of the following is NOT a compound word? A Landlady B Greenhouse C Uplift D Unacceptable

40 The word “holiday” originally meant “holy day”; but now the word signifies any day on which we don’t have to work. This is an example of A meaning shift B widening of meaning C narrowing of meaning D loss of meaning 2005

38. Syntax is the study of

A. language functions. B. sentence structures. C. textual organization. D. word formation.

39. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness. B. Productivity. C. Cultural transmission. D. Finiteness. 40. The speech act theory was first put forward by A. John Searle. B. John Austin. C. Noam Chomsky. D. M.A.K. Halliday. 2006

38.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of A. reference B. meaning C. antonymy D. context 39.The words \

A. dialectal synonyms B. stylistic synonyms C. emotive synonyms D. collocational synonyms 40.The distinction between parole and langue was made by

A. Halliday B. Chomsky C. Bloomfield D. Saussure 2007

38. _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.

A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Sociolinguistics

39. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT A. lexical B. syntactic

C. phonological D. psycholinguistic

40. The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example of

A. widening of meaning B. narrowing of meaning C. meaning shift D. loss of meaning 2008

38. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness. B. Displacement. C. Duality. D. Diachronicity.

39. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”? A. A simple sentence. B. A coordinate sentence. C. A complex sentence. D. None of the above.

40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called

A. hyponymy. B. synonymy. C. polysemy. D. homonymy. 2009

38 The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is A corpus linguistics B sociolinguuistics C theoretical linguistics D psycholinguistics

39 A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called A dialect B idiolect C pidgin D register

40 When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing

A an illocutionary act B a perlocutionary act C a locutionary act D none of the above 2010

38. _______ refers to the learning and development of a language. A. Language acquisition B. Language comprehension C. Language production D. Language instruction

39. The word \morphology.

A. backformation B. conversion C. blending D. acronym

40. Language is a tool of communication. The symbol \Closed\on a highway serves _______.

A. an expressive function B. an informative function C. a performative function D. a persuasive function

能初步具备英语语言学知识根据最新考试中国纲的要求，英语专业八级考试从2005年开始增加了人文考试的题型，比例也将按3 (语言学)：3(文学)：4(史、地、文化知识等)执行，题目广度很大。语言学主要考六大章，1.语言与语言学；2.语音学与音系学；3.构词法；4.句法；5.语义学；6.语用学

Part One Introduction 1. What is Language

1.1 Definition of Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

1.2 Design features of language: arbitrariness任意性, duality二重性,productivity能产性,displacement移位性,cultural transmission文化传播，等 1.3 Functions of language：Phatic function, directive function, informative function, interrogative function, expressive function, evocative function, performative function

1.4 Origin of language 2. What is Linguistics(语言学)

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 3.The Scope of Linguistics

General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.

Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. （It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted and received.）

Phonology(音韵学\\音位学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the

sound patterns of languages. （It studies the rules governing the structure,

distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllable.）

Morphology(词法、形态学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words. (It is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning: morphemes and word-formation processes.)

Syntax(句法学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.

Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.

Pragmatics（语用学）is the study of meaning in context.

以上研究的是语言本身，是狭义语言学的范畴。

Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.

Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society: how social factors influence the structure and use of language.

Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind: the mental structures and processes which are involved in the acquisition, comprehension and production of language.

Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.

Anthropological linguistics(人类语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.

Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.

Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.

Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer.

4.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics 4.1 Speech and Writing

One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.

4.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(规定性)

A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for \correct\ Prescriptive着重于语言中“标准Standards”认为语言中存在着一种地位最高的语言形态，如标准语法/语音等，为规定人们如何说话、写作；Descriptive着重于语言中“事实Facts”，目的是描述人们一般是怎样说话、写作的

4.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies

The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 共时研究Synchronic和历时研究Diachronic.Synchronic：以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象，如现代汉语研究、莎士比亚时代语言研究等；Diachronic：研究语言各个阶段的发展变化，研究语言的历史发展规律

4.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)

This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue. 语言Langue和言语Parole（由Ferdinand de Saussure索绪尔提出）

Langue：指语言系统的整体the whole linguistic system，所有语言使用个体头脑中存储的词语-形象word-image的总和，这个整体相对比较稳定；Parole：指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语actual use of language

4.5 Competence(语言能力)and Performance(语言运用)

This distinction was put forward by N. Chomsky. Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances. 语言能力competence与语言运用performance（由Noam Chomsky乔姆斯基提出）Competence：指理想语言使用者关于语言规则的知识储备；Performance：指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用 4.6 Syntagmatic 横组合and paradigmatic relations 纵聚合关系

Put forward by Saussure. The former refers to the horizontal relationship between the linguistic elements, which form linear sequences. The latter means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.

4.7 Functionalism 功能主义and formalism形式主义 Part Two Phonetics(语音学） 1. Scope of phonetics

Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:

Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）：we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate in the process.

Auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）：we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated by the ear, the auditory nerve and the brain. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）：we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear.

2. The vocal organs