We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\ormance management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refne employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 实验报告要求：
一．写4个实验报告，每个报告装订成一份，每人4份，不要将4个实验报告装订成1份了。
实验一：常用电子仪器的使用。（包括示波器的使用、万用表的使用、函数信号发生器的使用等内容）
实验二：晶体管共射极单管放大器 实验三：射极跟随器 实验四：差动放大器
二．手写报告，不得打印。
三．具体怎样写实验报告，可参考大学物理实验报告的要求。 四．3月26日前，收好后统一交给老师。
模拟电子实验指导书
目 录
实验一 示波器原理及使用 ................................. 错误！未定义书签。 实验二 晶体管共射极单管放大器 ..................... 错误！未定义书签。 实验三 射极跟随器 ............................................. 错误！未定义书签。 实验四 差动放大器 ............................................. 错误！未定义书签。
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
实验一 示波器原理及使用
一、 示波器的基本结构
示波器的种类很多，但它们都包含下列基本组成部分，如附图1－1 所示。
附图1－1 示波器的基本结构框图
1、主机
主机包括示波管及其所需的各种直流供电电路，在面板上的控制旋钮有：辉度、聚焦、水平移位、垂直移位等。 2、垂直通道
垂直通道主要用来控制电子束按被测信号的幅值大小在垂直方向上的偏移。 它包括Y轴衰减器，Y轴放大器和配用的高频探头。通常示波管的偏转灵敏度比较低，因此在一般情况下，被测信号往往需要通过Y轴放大器放大后加到垂直偏转板上， 才能在屏幕上显示出一定幅度的波形。 Y轴放大器的作用提高了示波管Y轴偏转灵敏度。为了保证Y轴放大不失真，加到Y轴放大器的信号不宜太大，但是实际的被测信号幅度往往在很大范围内变化，此Y轴放大器前还必须加一Y轴衰减器，以适应观察不同幅度的被测信号。示波器面板上设有“Y轴衰
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!1
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 减器”（通常称“Y轴灵敏度选择”开关）和“Y轴增益微调”旋钮，分别调节Y 轴衰减器的衰减量和Y轴放大器的增益。
对Y轴放大器的要求是：增益大，频响好，输入阻抗高。
为了避免杂散信号的干扰，被测信号一般都通过同轴电缆或带有探头的同轴电缆加到示波器Y轴输入端。但必须注意，被测信号通过探头 幅值将衰减(或不衰减)，其衰减比为10∶1(或1∶1)。 3、水平通道
水平通道主要是控制电子束按时间值在水平方向上偏移。 主要由扫描发生器、水平放大器、触发电路组成。 3.1） 扫描发生器
扫描发生器又叫锯齿波发生器，用来产生频率调节范围宽的锯齿波，作为 X 轴偏转板的扫描电压。锯齿波的频率（或周期）调节是由“扫描速率选择”开关和“扫速微调”旋钮控制的。使用时，调节“扫速选择”开关和“扫速微调”旋钮，使其扫描周期为被测信号周期的整数倍，保证屏幕上显示稳定的波形。
3.2） 水平放大器
其作用与垂直放大器一样，将扫描发生器产生的锯齿波放大到X轴偏转板 所需的数值。
3.3） 触发电路
用于产生触发信号以实现触发扫描的电路。为了扩展示波器应用范围，一 般示波器上都设有触发源控制开关，触发电平与极性控制旋钮和触发方式选择开关等。
二、示波器的二踪显示 1、二踪显示原理
示波器的二踪显示是依靠电子开关的控制作用来实现的。
电子开关由“显示方式”开关控制，共有五种工作状态，即Y1、Y2、Y1＋Y2、交替、断续。当开关置于“交替”或“断续”位置时，荧光屏上便可同时显示两个波形。当开关置于“交替”位置时，电子开关的转换频率受扫描系统控制，工作过程如附图1－2所示。即电子开关首先接通Y2通道，进行第一次扫描，显示由Y2通道送入的被测信号的波形；然后电子开关接通Y1通道，进行第二次扫描，显示由Y1通道送入的被测信号的波形；接着再接通Y2通道……这样便轮流地对Y2和Y1两通道送入的信号进行扫描、显示，由于电子开关转换速度较快，每次扫描的回扫线在荧光屏上又不显示出来，借助于荧光屏的余辉作用和人眼的视觉暂留特性，使用者便能在荧光屏上同时观察到两个清晰的波形。这种工作方式适宜
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!2
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
于观察频率较高的输入信号场合。
当开关置于“断续”位置时，相当于将一次扫描分成许多个相等的时间间隔。在第一次扫描的第一个时间间隔内显示Y2信号波形的某一段；在第二个时间时隔内显示Y1信号波形的某一段；以后各个时间间隔轮流地显示Y2、Y1两信号波形的其余段，经过若干次断续转换，使荧光屏上显示出两个由光点组成的完整波形如附图1－3(a)所示。由于转换的频率很高，光点靠得很近，其间隙用肉眼几乎分辨不出，再利用消隐的方法使两通道间转换过程的过渡线不显示出来,见附图1－3(b)，因而同样可达到同时清晰地显示两个波形的目的。这种工作方式适合于输入信号频率较低时使用。
附图1-2 交替方式显示波形 附图1-3 断续方式显示波形
2、触发扫描
在普通示波器中，X轴的扫描总是连续进行的，称为“连续扫描”。为了能更好地观测各种脉冲波形，在脉冲示波器中，通常采用“触发扫描”。采用这种扫描方式时，扫描发生器将工作在待触发状态。它仅在外加触发信号作用下，时基信号才开始扫描，否则便不扫描。这个外加触发信号通过触发选择开关分别取自“内触发”（Y轴的输入信号经由内触发放大器输出触发信号），也可取自“外触发”输入端的外接同步信号。其基本原理是利用这些触发脉冲信号的上升沿或下降沿来触发扫描发生器，产生锯齿波扫描电压，然后经X轴放大后送X轴偏转板进行光点扫描。适当地调节“扫描速率”开关和“电平”调节旋钮，能方便地在荧光屏上显示具有合适宽度的被测信号波形。
上面介绍了示波器的基本结构，下面将结合使用介绍电子技术实验中常用的CA8020型双踪示波器。
三、CA8020型双踪示波器 1、概述
CA8020型示波器为便携式双通道示波器。本机垂直系统具有0～20MHz的频
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!3
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 带宽度和5mV/DIV～5V/DIV的偏转灵敏度，配以10∶1探极，灵敏度可达5V/DIV。本机在全频带范围内可获得稳定触发，触发方式设有常态、自动、TV和峰值自动，尤其峰值自动给使用带来了极大的方便。内触设置了交替触发，可以稳定地显示两个频率不相关的信号。本机水平系统具有0.5S/DIV～0.2μS/DIV的扫描速度，并设有扩展×10，可将最快扫速度提高到20nS/DIV。 2、面板控制件介绍
CA8020面板图如附图1－4 所示
附图1－4 CA8020型双踪示波器面板图
序号 控制件名称 调节光迹的亮度 功 能 （1） 亮度 （2） 辅助聚焦 （3） 聚焦 （4） 迹线旋转 与聚焦配合，调节光迹的清晰度 调节光迹的清晰度 调节光迹与水平刻度线平行 提供幅度为0.5V，频率为1KHz的方波信号，用于校正10∶1探极的补偿电容器和检测示波器垂直与水平的偏转因数 （5） 校正信号 （6） 电源指示 （7） 电源开关 （8） CH1移位 PULL CH1－X CH2－Y 电源接通时，灯亮 电源接通或关闭 调节通道1光迹在屏幕上的垂直位置，用作X－Y显示 调节通道2光迹在屏幕上的垂直位置，在ADD方式时使CH1＋CH2或CH1－CH2 4
（9） CH2移位 PULL INVERT lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
CH1或CH2：通道1或通道2单独显示 ALT：两个通道交替显示 CHOP：两个通道断续显示，用于扫速较慢时的双踪显示 ADD：用于两个通道的代数和或差 （10） 垂直方式 （11） 垂直衰减器 （12） 垂直衰减器 （13） 微调 调节垂直偏转灵敏度 调节垂直偏转灵敏度 用于连续调节垂直偏转灵敏度，顺时针旋足为校正位置 （14） 微调 （15） 耦合方式 (AC-DC-GND) （16） 耦合方式 (AC-DC-GND) （17） CH1 OR X （18） CH2 OR Y （19） 接地(GND) （20） 外触发输入 （21） 内触发源 （22） 触发源选择 （23） 触发极性 （24） 电平 （25） 微调 （26） 扫描速率
用于连续调节垂直偏转灵敏度，顺时针旋足为校正位置 用于选择被测信号饋入垂直通道的耦合方式 用于选择被测信号饋入垂直通道的耦合方式 被测信号的输入插座 被测信号的输入插座 与机壳相联的接地端 外触发输入插座 用于选择CH1、CH2或交替触发 用于选择触发源为INT（内），EXT（外）或LINE（电源） 用于选择信号的上升或下降沿触发扫描 用于调节被测信号在某一电平触发扫描 用于连续调节扫描速度，顺时针旋足为校正位置 用于调节扫描速度 常态（NORM）：无信号时，屏幕上无显示；有信号时，与电平控制配合显示稳定波形。 自动（AUTO）：无信号时，屏幕上显示光迹；5
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companiemature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction （27） 触发方式 有信号时，与电平控制配合显示稳定波形。 电视场（TV）：用于显示电视场信号。 峰值自动（P－P AUTO）：无信号时，屏幕上显示光迹；有信号时，无须调节电平即能获得稳定波形显示。 （28） 触发指示 （29） 水平移位 PULL×10 3、操作方法 1)、电源检查
在触发扫描时，指示灯亮 调节迹线在屏幕上的水平位置拉出时扫描速度被扩展10倍 CA8020双踪示波器电源电压为220V±10%。接通电源前，检查当地电源电压，如果不相符合，则严格禁止使用！ 2)、面板一般功能检查 A．将有关控制件按下表置位 控制件名称 亮 度 聚 焦 位 移 垂直方式 灵敏度选择 微 调 作用位置 居中 居中 居中 CH1 10mV/div 校正位置 控制件名称 触发方式 扫描速率 极 性 触 发 源 内触发源 输入耦合 作用位置 峰值自动 0.5mS/div 正 INT CH1 AC B．接通电源，电源指示灯亮，稍预热后，屏幕上出现扫描光迹，分别调节亮度、聚焦、辅助聚焦、迹线旋转、垂直、水平移位等控制件，使光迹清晰并与水平刻度平行。
C．用10∶1探极将校正信号输入至CH1输入插座。
D．调节示波器有关控制件，使荧光屏上显示稳定且易观察方波波形。 E．将探极换至CH2输入插座，垂直方式置于“CH2”，内触发源置于“CH2”，重复D操作。
3)、垂直系统的操作
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!6
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
A．垂直方式的选择
当只需观察一路信号时，将“垂直方式”开关置“CH1”或“CH2”，此时被选中的通道有效，被测信号可从通道端口输入。当需要同时观察两路信号时，将“垂直方式”开关置“交替”，该方式使两个通道的信号被交替显示，交替显示的频率受扫描周期控制。当扫速低于一定频率时，交替方式显示会出现闪烁，此时应将开关置于“断续”位置。当需要观察两路信号代数和时，将“垂直方式”开关置于“代数和”位置，在选择这种方式时，两个通道的衰减设置必须一致，CH2移位处于常态时为CH1＋CH2，CH2移位拉出时为CH1－CH2。 B．输入耦合方式的选择
直流（DC）耦合：适用于观察包含直流成份的被测信号，如信号的逻辑电平和静态信号的直流电平，当被测信号的频率很低时，也必须采用这种方式。
交流（AC）耦合：信号中的直流分量被隔断，用于观察信号的交流份量，如观察较高直流电平上的小信号。
接地（GND）：通道输入端接地（输入信号断开），用于确定输入为零时光迹所处位置。
C．灵敏度选择(V/div)的设定
按被测信号幅值的大小选择合适档级。“灵敏度选择”开关外旋钮为粗调，中心旋钮为细调（微调），微调旋钮按顺时针方向旋足至校正位置时，可根据粗调旋钮的示值(V/div)和波形在垂直轴方向上的格数读出被测信号幅值。
4)、触发源的选择 A．触发源选择
当触发源开关置于“电源”触发，机内50Hz信号输入到触发电路。当触发源开关置于“常态”触发，有两种选择，一种是“外触发”，由面板上外触发输入插座输入触发信号；另一种是“内触发”，由内触发源选择开关控制。
B．内触发源选择
“CH1”触发：触发源取自通道1。 “CH2”触发：触发源取自通道2。
“交替触发”：触发源受垂直方式开关控制，当垂直方式开关置于“CH1”，触发源自动切换到通道1；当垂直方式开关置于“CH2”，触发源自动切换到通 道2；当垂直方式开关置于“交替”，触发源与通道1、通道2同步切换，在这种
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!7
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 状态使用时，两个不相关的信号其频率不应相差很大，同时垂直输入耦合应置于“AC”，触发方式应置于“自动”或“常态”。当垂直方式开关置于“断续”和“代数和”时，内触发源选择应置于 “CH1”或”CH2”。
5)、水平系统的操作 A．扫描速度选择(t/div)的设定
按被测信号频率高低选择合适档级，“扫描速率”开关外旋钮为粗调，中心旋钮为细调（微调），微调旋钮按顺时针方向旋足至校正位置时，可根据粗调旋钮的示值(t/div)和波形在水平轴方向上的格数读出被测信号的时间参数。当需要观察波形某一个细节时，可进行水平扩展×10，此时原波形在水平轴方向上被扩展10倍。
B．触发方式的选择
“常态”：无信号输入时，屏幕上无光迹显示；有信号输入时，触发电平调节在合适位置上，电路被触发扫描。当被测信号频率低于20Hz时，必须选择这种方式。
“自动”：无信号输入时，屏幕上有光迹显示；一旦有信号输入时，电平调节在合适位置上，电路自动转换到触发扫描状态，显示稳定的波形，当被测信号频率高于20Hz时，最常用这一种方式。
“电视场”：对电视信号中的场信号进行同步，如果是正极性，则可以由CH2输入，借助于CH2移位拉出，把正极性转变为负极性后测量。
“峰值自动”：这种方式同自动方式，但无须调节电平即能同步，它一般适用于正弦波、对称方波或占空比相差不大的脉冲波。对于频率较高的测试信号，有时也要借助于电平调节，它的触发同步灵敏度要比“常态”或“自动”稍低一些。
C．“极性”的选择
用于选择被测试信号的上升沿或下降沿去触发扫描。 D．“电平”的位置
用于调节被测信号在某一合适的电平上启动扫描，当产生触发扫描后，触发指示灯亮。
4、测量电参数 1) 电压的测量
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!8
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
示波器的电压测量实际上是对所显示波形的幅度进行测量，测量时应使被 测波形稳定地显示在荧光屏中央，幅度一般不宜超过6div，以避免非线性失真造成的测量误差。
1.1) 交流电压的测量
A．将信号输入至CH1或CH2插座，将垂直方式置于被选用的通道。 B．将Y轴“灵敏度微调”旋钮置校准位置，调整示波器有关控制件，使荧光屏上显示稳定、易观察的波形，则交流电压幅值
Vp-p = 垂直方向格数(div)×垂直偏转因数(V/div)
1.2) 直流电平的测量
A．设置面板控制件，使屏幕显示扫描基线。 B．设置被选用通道的输入耦合方式为“GND”。
C．调节垂直移位，将扫描基线调至合适位置，作为零电平基准线。 D．将“灵敏度微调”旋钮置校准位置，输入耦合方式置“DC”，被测电平由相应Y输入端输入，这时扫描基线将偏移，读出扫描基线在垂直方向偏移的格数(div)，则被测电平
V ＝ 垂直方向偏移格数（div）×垂直偏转因数（V/div）×偏转方向（＋或一）
式中，基线向上偏移取正号，基线向下偏移取负号。 2)、时间测量
时间测量是指对脉冲波形的宽度、周期、边沿时间及两个信号波形间的时间间隔（相位差）等参数的测量。一般要求被测部分在荧光屏X轴方向应占(4～6)div。
2.1)
时间间隔的测量
对于一个波形中两点间的时间间隔的测量，测量时先将“扫描微调”旋钮置校准位置，调整示波器有关控制件，使荧光屏上波形在X轴方向大小适中，读出波形中需测量两点间水平方向格数，则时间间隔：
时间间隔 = 两点之间水平方向格数（div）×扫描时间因数（t/div）
2.2） 脉冲边沿时间的测量
上升（或下降）时间的测量方法和时间间隔的测量方法一样，只不过是测
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!9
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 量被测波形满幅度的10%和90%两点之间的水平方向距离，如附图1-5所示。
用示波器观察脉冲波形的上升边沿、下降边沿时，必须合理选择示波器的触发极性（用触发极性开关控制）。显示波形的上升边沿用“＋”极性触发，显示波形下降边沿用“－”极性触发。如波形的上升沿或下降沿较快则可将水平扩展×10，使波形在水平方向上扩展10倍，则上升（或下降）时间：
水平方向格数（div）?扫描时间因数（t/div)上升（或下降）时间＝ 水平扩展倍数2.3） 相位差的测量
A．参考信号和一个待比较信号分别饋入“CH1”和“CH2”输入插座。 B．根据信号频率，将垂直方式置于“交替”或“断续” C．设置内触发源至参考信号那个通道。
D．将CH1和CH2输入耦合方式置“ ”，调节CH1、CH2移位旋钮，使两条扫描基线重合。
E．将CH1、CH2耦合方式开关置“AC”，调整有关控制件，使荧光屏显示大小适中、便于观察两路信号，如附图1-6所示。读出两波形水平方向差距格数D及信号周期所占格数T，则相位差：
Dθ??360o
T
附图1-5 上升时间的测量 附图1-6 相位差的测量
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!10
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
实验二 晶体管共射极单管放大器
一、实验目的
1．学会放大器静态工作点的调试方法，分析静态工作点对放大器性能的影响。
2．掌握放大器电压放大倍数、输入电阻、输出电阻及最大不失真输出电压的测试方法。
3．熟悉常用电子仪器及模拟电路实验设备的使用。
二、实验原理
图2－1为电阻分压式工作点稳定单管放大器实验电路图。它的偏置电路采用RB1和RB2组成的分压电路，并在发射极中接有电阻RE，以稳定放大器的静态工作点。当在放大器的输入端加入输入信号ui后，在放大器的输出端便可得到一个与ui相位相反，幅值被放大了的输出信号u0，从而实现了电压放大。
图2－1 共射极单管放大器实验电路
在图2－1电路中，当流过偏置电阻RB1和RB2 的电流远大于晶体管T 的基极电流IB时（一般5～10倍），则它的静态工作点可用下式估算 UB?RB1UCC
RB1?RB2 U?UBEIE?B?IC RE UCE＝UCC－IC（RC＋RE）
电压放大倍数
AV??βRC // RL
rbe输入电阻 Ri＝RB1 // RB2 // rbe 输出电阻 RO≈RC
由于电子器件性能的分散性比较大，因此在设计和制作晶体管放大电路时，
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!11
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 离不开测量和调试技术。在设计前应测量所用元器件的参数，为电路设计提供必要的依据，在完成设计和装配以后，还必须测量和调试放大器的静态工作点和各项性能指标。一个优质放大器，必定是理论设计与实验调整相结合的产物。因此，除了学习放大器的理论知识和设计方法外，还必须掌握必要的测量和调试技术。 放大器的测量和调试一般包括：放大器静态工作点的测量与调试，消除干扰与自激振荡及放大器各项动态参数的测量与调试等。 1．放大器静态工作点的测量与调试 1) 静态工作点的测量
测量放大器的静态工作点，应在输入信号ui＝0的情况下进行， 即将放大器输入端与地端短接，然后选用量程合适的直流毫安表和直流电压表，分别测量晶体管的集电极电流IC以及各电极对地的电位UB、UC和UE。一般实验中，为了避免断开集电极，所以采用测量电压UE或UC，然后算出IC的方法，例如，只要测出UE，即可用
IC?IE?UE算出IC（也可根据IC?UCC?UC，由UC确定IC），同时也能算出UBE
RERC＝UB－UE，UCE＝UC－UE。
为了减小误差，提高测量精度，应选用内阻较高的直流电压表。 2) 静态工作点的调试
放大器静态工作点的调试是指对管子集电极电流IC（或UCE）的调整与测试。
静态工作点是否合适，对放大器的性能和输出波形都有很大影响。如工作点偏高，放大器在加入交流信号以后易产生饱和失真，此时uO的负半周将被削底，如图2－2(a)所示；如工作点偏低则易产生截止失真，即uO的正半周被缩顶（一般截止失真不如饱和失真明显），如图2－2(b)所示。这些情况都不符合不失真放大的要求。所以在选定工作点以后还必须进行动态调试，即在放大器的输入端加入一定的输入电压ui，检查输出电压uO的大小和波形是否满足要求。如不满足，则应调节静态工作点的位置。
(a) (b)
图2－2 静态工作点对uO波形失真的影响
改变电路参数UCC、RC、RB（RB1、RB2）都会引起静态工作点的变化，如图2－3所示。但通常多采用调节偏置电阻RB2的方法来改变静态工作点，如减小RB2，则可使静态工作点提高等。
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!12
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
图2－3 电路参数对静态工作点的影响
最后还要说明的是，上面所说的工作点“偏高”或“偏低”不是绝对的，应该是相对信号的幅度而言，如输入信号幅度很小，即使工作点较高或较低也不一定会出现失真。所以确切地说，产生波形失真是信号幅度与静态工作点设置配合不当所致。如需满足较大信号幅度的要求，静态工作点最好尽量靠近交流负载线的中点。
2．放大器动态指标测试
放大器动态指标包括电压放大倍数、输入电阻、输出电阻、最大不失真输出电压（动态范围）和通频带等。 1) 电压放大倍数AV的测量
调整放大器到合适的静态工作点，然后加入输入电压ui，在输出电压uO不失真的情况下，用交流毫伏表测出ui和uo的有效值Ui和UO，则 AV?U0
Ui2) 输入电阻Ri的测量
为了测量放大器的输入电阻，按图2－4 电路在被测放大器的输入端与信号源之间串入一已知电阻R，在放大器正常工作的情况下， 用交流毫伏表测出US和Ui，则根据输入电阻的定义可得
Ri?UiUiUi??R URUS?UiIiR
图2－4 输入、输出电阻测量电路
测量时应注意下列几点:
① 由于电阻R两端没有电路公共接地点，所以测量R两端电压 UR时必须分别测出US和Ui，然后按UR＝US－Ui求出UR值。
② 电阻R的值不宜取得过大或过小，以免产生较大的测量误差，通常取R与Ri为同一数量级为好，本实验可取R＝1～2KΩ。
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!13
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 3) 输出电阻R0的测量
按图2-4电路，在放大器正常工作条件下，测出输出端不接负载 RL的输出电压UO和接入负载后的输出电压UL，根据 UL?即可求出
RO?(UO?1)RL
ULRLUO RO?RL 在测试中应注意，必须保持RL接入前后输入信号的大小不变。 4) 最大不失真输出电压UOPP的测量（最大动态范围）
如上所述，为了得到最大动态范围，应将静态工作点调在交流负载线的中点。为此在放大器正常工作情况下，逐步增大输入信号的幅度，并同时调节RW（改变静态工作点），用示波器观察uO，当输出波形同时出现削底和缩顶现象（如图2－5）时，说明静态工作点已调在交流负载线的中点。然后反复调整输入信号，使波形输出幅度最大，且无明显失真时，用交流毫伏表测出UO（有效值），则动态范围等于22U0。或用示波器直接读出UOPP来。
图 2－5 静态工作点正常，输入信号太大引起的失真
5) 放大器幅频特性的测量
放大器的幅频特性是指放大器的电压放大倍数AU与输入信号频率f 之间的关系曲线。单管阻容耦合放大电路的幅频特性曲线如图2－6所示，Aum为中频电压放大倍数，通常规定电压放大倍数随频率变化下降到中频放大倍数的1/2倍，即0.707Aum所对应的频率分别称为下限频率fL和上限频率fH，则通频带 fBW＝fH－fL
放大器的幅率特性就是测量不同频率信号时的电压放大倍数AU。为此，可采用前述测AU的方法，每改变一个信号频率，测量其相应的电压放大倍数，测量时应注意取点要恰当，在低频段与高频段应多测几点，在中频段可以少测几点。此外，在改变频率时，要保持输入信号的幅度不变，且输出波形不得失真。 6) 干扰和自激振荡的消除
参考实验附录
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!14
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
3DG 9011(NPN) 3CG 9012(PNP) 9013(NPN) 图 2－6 幅频特性曲线 图2－7晶体三极管管脚排
列
三、实验设备与器件
1．＋12V直流电源 2．函数信号发生器 3．双踪示波器 4．交流毫伏表 5．直流电压表 6．直流毫安表 7．频率计 8．万用电表
9．晶体三极管3DG6×1(β＝50～100)或9011×1 （管脚排列如图2－7所示）
10. 电阻器、电容器若干 四、实验内容
实验电路如图2－1所示。各电子仪器可按实验一中图1－1所示方式连接，为防止干扰，各仪器的公共端必须连在一起，同时信号源、交流毫伏表和示波器的引线应采用专用电缆线或屏蔽线，如使用屏蔽线，则屏蔽线的外包金属网应接在公共接地端上。
1．调试静态工作点
接通直流电源前，先将RW调至最大， 函数信号发生器输出旋钮旋至零。接通＋12V电源、调节RW，使IC＝2.0mA（即UE＝2.0V）， 用直流电压表测量UB、UE、UC及用万用电表测量RB2值。记入表2－1。
表2-1 IC＝2mA
测 量 值 计 算 值 UB（V） UE（V） UC（V） RB2（KΩ） UBE（V） UCE（V） IC（mA） 2．测量电压放大倍数
在放大器输入端加入频率为1KHz的正弦信号uS，调节函数信号发生器的输出旋钮使放大器输入电压Ui?10mV，同时用示波器观察放大器输出电压uO波形，在波形不失真的条件下用交流毫伏表测量下述三种情况下的UO值，并用双踪示波器观察uO和ui的相位关系，记入表2－2。
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!15
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 表2－2 Ic＝2.0mA Ui＝ mV RC（KΩ） RL(KΩ) 2.4 1.2 2.4 ∞ ∞ 2.4 Uo(V) AV 观察记录一组uO和u1波形 3．观察静态工作点对电压放大倍数的影响
置RC＝2.4KΩ，RL＝∞，Ui适量，调节RW，用示波器监视输出电压波形，在uO不失真的条件下，测量数组IC和UO值，记入表2－3。
表2－3 RC＝2.4KΩ RL＝∞ Ui＝ mV
IC(mA) UO(V) AV 2.0 测量IC时，要先将信号源输出旋钮旋至零（即使Ui＝0）。
4．观察静态工作点对输出波形失真的影响
置RC＝2.4KΩ，RL＝2.4KΩ， ui＝0，调节RW使IC＝2.0mA，测出UCE值，再逐步加大输入信号，使输出电压u0 足够大但不失真。 然后保持输入信号不变，分别增大和减小RW，使波形出现失真，绘出u0的波形，并测出失真情况下的IC和UCE值，记入表2－4中。每次测IC和UCE 值时都要将信号源的输出旋钮旋至零。
表2－4 RC＝2.4KΩ RL＝∞ Ui＝ mV IC(mA) UCE(V) 2.0 5．测量最大不失真输出电压
置RC＝2.4KΩ，RL＝2.4KΩ，按照实验原理2.4)中所述方法，同时调节输入信号的幅度和电位器RW，用示波器和交流毫伏表测量UOPP及UO值，记入表2－5。 表2－5 RC＝2.4K RL＝2.4K
IC(mA) Uim(mV) Uom(V) UOPP(V) u0波形 失真情况 管子工作状态 *6．测量输入电阻和输出电阻
置RC＝2.4KΩ，RL＝2.4KΩ，IC＝2.0mA。输入f＝1KHz的正弦信号，在输出电压uo不失真的情况下，用交流毫伏表测出US，Ui和UL记入表2-6。
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!16
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
保持US不变，断开RL，测量输出电压Uo，记入表2-6。
表2-6 Ic＝2mA Rc＝2.4KΩ RL＝2.4KΩ
US (mv) Ui (mv) R0（KΩ） ULUO （V） 测量值 计算值 测量值 计算值 （V） Ri（KΩ） *7．测量幅频特性曲线
取IC＝2.0mA，RC＝2.4KΩ，RL＝2.4KΩ。 保持输入信号ui的幅度不变，改变信号源频率f，逐点测出相应的输出电压UO，记入表2－7。
表2－7 Ui＝ mV
fl fo fn f（KHz） UO（V） AV＝UO/Ui 为了信号源频率f取值合适，可先粗测一下，找出中频范围， 然后再仔细读数。
说明：本实验内容较多，其中6、7可作为选作内容。 五、实验总结
1．列表整理测量结果，并把实测的静态工作点、电压放大倍数、输入电阻、输出电阻之值与理论计算值比较（取一组数据进行比较），分析产生误差原因。 2．总结RC，RL及静态工作点对放大器电压放大倍数、输入电阻、输出电阻的影响。
3．讨论静态工作点变化对放大器输出波形的影响。 4．分析讨论在调试过程中出现的问题。
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!17
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 实验三 射极跟随器
一、实验目的
1、 掌握射极跟随器的特性及测试方法 2、 进一步学习放大器各项参数测试方法 二、实验原理
射极跟随器的原理图如图3－1所示。 它是一个电压串联负反馈放大电路，它具有输入电阻高，输出电阻低，电压放大倍数接近于1，输出电压能够在较大范围内跟随输入电压作线性变化以及输入、输出信号同相等特点。
图3－1 射极跟随器
射极跟随器的输出取自发射极，故称其为射极输出器。 1、输入电阻Ri 图3－1电路
Ri＝rbe＋(1＋β)RE
如考虑偏置电阻RB和负载RL的影响，则 Ri＝RB∥[rbe＋(1＋β)(RE∥RL)]
由上式可知射极跟随器的输入电阻Ri比共射极单管放大器的输入电阻Ri＝RB∥rbe要高得多，但由于偏置电阻RB的分流作用，输入电阻难以进一步提高。
输入电阻的测试方法同单管放大器，实验线路如图3－2所示。
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!18
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
图3－2 射极跟随器实验电路
Ri?UiUi?R IiUs?Ui即只要测得A、B两点的对地电位即可计算出Ri。 2、输出电阻RO
图3－1电路
rrRO?be∥RE?be
ββ如考虑信号源内阻RS，则 r?(RS∥RB)r?(RS∥RB)RO?be∥RE?be
ββ 由上式可知射极跟随器的输出电阻R0比共射极单管放大器的输出电阻RO≈RC低得多。三极管的β愈高，输出电阻愈小。
输出电阻RO的测试方法亦同单管放大器，即先测出空载输出电压UO，再测接入负载RL后的输出电压UL，根据
UL?RLUO
RO?RL 即可求出 RO
RO?(UO?1)RL UL 3、电压放大倍数
图3－1电路
AV?
(1?β)(RE∥RL)≤ 1
rbe?(1?β)(RE∥RL)19
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companiemature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 上式说明射极跟随器的电压放大倍数小于近于1，且为正值。 这是深度电压负反馈的结果。但它的射极电流仍比基流大(1＋β)倍， 所以它具有一定的电流和功率放大作用。
4、电压跟随范围
电压跟随范围是指射极跟随器输出电压uO跟随输入电压ui作线性变化的区域。当ui超过一定范围时，uO便不能跟随ui作线性变化，即uO波形产生了失真。为了使输出电压uO正、负半周对称，并充分利用电压跟随范围，静态工作点应选在交流负载线中点，测量时可直接用示波器读取uO的峰峰值，即电压跟随范围；或用交流毫伏表读取uO的有效值，则电压跟随范围
U0P－P＝22UO
三、实验设备与器件
1、＋12V直流电源 2、函数信号发生器 3、双踪示波器 4、交流毫伏表 5、直流电压表 6、频率计 7、3DG12×1 (β＝50～100)或9013 电阻器、电容器若干。 四、实验内容 按图3－2组接电路 1、静态工作点的调整
接通＋12V直流电源，在B点加入f＝1KHz正弦信号ui，输出端用示波器监视输出波形，反复调整RW及信号源的输出幅度，使在示波器的屏幕上得到一个最大不失真输出波形，然后置ui＝0，用直流电压表测量晶体管各电极对地电位，将测得数据记入表3－1。
表3－1
UE(V) UB(V) UC(V) IE（mA） 在下面整个测试过程中应保持RW值不变（即保持静工作点IE不变）。 2、测量电压放大倍数Av
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!20
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
接入负载RL＝1KΩ，在B点加f＝1KHz正弦信号ui，调节输入信号幅度，用示波器观察输出波形uo，在输出最大不失真情况下，用交流毫伏表测Ui、UL值。记入表3－2。（求出β，代人AV?(1?β)(RE∥RL)就可求出Av）
rbe?(1?β)(RE∥RL)表3－2
3、测量输出电阻R0
接上负载RL＝1K，在B点加f＝1KHz正弦信号ui，用示波器监视输出波形，测空载输出电压UO，有负载时输出电压UL，记入表3－3。
表3－3
U0（V） 4、测量输入电阻Ri
在A点加f＝1KHz的正弦信号uS，用示波器监视输出波形，用交流毫伏表分别测出A、B点对地的电位US、Ui，记入表3－4。
表3－4
US（V） Ui（V） Ri(KΩ) UL（V） RO(KΩ) Ui（V） UL（V） AV 5、测试跟随特性
接入负载RL＝1KΩ，在B点加入f＝1KHz正弦信号ui，逐渐增大信号ui幅度，用示波器监视输出波形直至输出波形达最大不失真，测量对应的UL值，记入表3－5。
表3－5
Ui(V) lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!21
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction UL(V) 五、实验报告
1、 整理实验数据，并画出曲线UL＝f(Ui)及UL＝f(f)曲线。
2、 分析射极跟随器的性能和特点。
实验四 差动放大器
一、实验目的
1、加深对差动放大器性能及特点的理解 2、学习差动放大器主要性能指标的测试方法 二、实验原理
图4－1是差动放大器的基本结构。 它由两个元件参数相同的基本共射放大电路组成。当开关K拨向左边时，构成典型的差动放大器。调零电位器RP用来调节T1、T2管的静态工作点，使得输入信号Ui＝0时，双端输出电压UO＝0。RE为两管共用的发射极电阻， 它对差模信号无负反馈作用，因而不影响差模电压放大倍数，但对共模信号有较强的负反馈作用，故可以有效地抑制零漂，稳定静态工作点。
图4－1 差动放大器实验电路
当开关K拨向右边时，构成具有恒流源的差动放大器。 它用晶体管恒流源代替发射极电阻RE，可以进一步提高差动放大器抑制共模信号的能力。
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!22
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
1、静态工作点的估算
典型电路
IE?UEE?UBERE （认为UB1＝UB2≈0）
1 IC1?IC2?IE
2恒流源电路
R2(UCC?UEE)?UBER1?R2 IC3?IE3?RE31IC1?IC1?IC3
2 2、差模电压放大倍数和共模电压放大倍数
当差动放大器的射极电阻RE足够大，或采用恒流源电路时，差模电压放大倍数Ad由输出端方式决定，而与输入方式无关。
双端输出: RE＝∞，RP在中心位置时，
Ad?△UOβRC ??1△UiRB?rbe?(1?β)RP2单端输出
Ad1?△UC11?Ad △Ui2△UC21??Ad △Ui2 Ad2? 当输入共模信号时，若为单端输出，则有
△UC1?βRCRAC1?AC2????C△UiR?r?(1?β)(1R?2R)2REBbePE2若为双端输出，在理想情况下
AC?△UO?0 △Ui 实际上由于元件不可能完全对称，因此AC也不会绝对等于零。
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!23
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 3、 共模抑制比CMRR
为了表征差动放大器对有用信号（差模信号）的放大作用和对共模信号的抑制能力，通常用一个综合指标来衡量，即共模抑制比 CMRR?AdA 或CMRR?20Logd?dB?
AcAc 差动放大器的输入信号可采用直流信号也可采用交流信号。本实验由函数信号发生器提供频率f＝1KHZ的正弦信号作为输入信号。 三、实验设备与器件
1、±12V直流电源 2、函数信号发生器 3、双踪示波器 4、交流毫伏表 5、直流电压表
6、晶体三极管3DG6×3，要求T1、T2管特性参数一致。 （或9011×3）。 电阻器、电容器若干。 四、实验内容
1、典型差动放大器性能测试
按图4-1连接实验电路，开关K拨向左边构成典型差动放大器。
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!24
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information managemnt to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \o strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ng to law, standardize and fair.\of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \prise\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction广西工学院鹿山学院模拟电子线路实验指导书
1) 测量静态工作点 ①调节放大器零点
信号源不接入。将放大器输入端A、B与地短接，接通±12V直流电源，用直流电压表测量输出电压UO，调节调零电位器RP，使UO＝0。 调节要仔细，力求准确。
②测量静态工作点
零点调好以后，用直流电压表测量T1、T2管各电极电位及射极电阻RE两端电压URE，记入表4－1。 表4-1
UC1(V) UB1(V) IC(mA) UE1(V) UC2(V) IB(mA) UB2(V) UE2(V) URE(V) UCE(V) 测量值 计算值 2) 测量差模电压放大倍数
断开直流电源，将函数信号发生器的输出端接放大器输入A端，地端接放大器输入B端构成单端输入方式，调节输入信号为频率f＝1KHz的正弦信号，并使输出旋钮旋至零， 用示波器监视输出端（集电极C1或C2与地之间）。（有噪声信号输出）
接通±12V直流电源，逐渐增大输入电压Ui（约100mV）（先用示波器测量函数发生器的输出信号，使其幅度约为100mV），在输出波形无失真的情况下，用交流毫伏表测 Ui，UC1，UC2，（这些值均可用示波器测量）记入表4－2中，并观察ui，uC1，uC2之间的相位关系及URE随Ui改变而变化的情况。（将观察得到的波形画出来）（根据差动放大电路的原理，流过RE的电流大小是否会随Ui变化？那么URE是否随Ui的改变而改变？你的测量结果如何？） 3) 测量共模电压放大倍数
将放大器A、B短接，信号源接A端与地之间，构成共模输入方式， 调节输入信号f=1kHz，Ui=1V，在输出电压无失真的情况下，测量UC1， UC2之值记入表4－2，并观察ui， uC1， uC2之间的相位关系及URE随Ui改变而变化的情况。 表4-2
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!25
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \d business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \ding to law, standardize and fair.\nce management, to ensure that potential employees \o fly\o strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \se\n the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \good\dership construction 典型差动放大电路 单端输入 100mV 共模输入 1V 具有恒流源差动放大电路 单端输入 100mV 共模输入 1V Ui UC1(V) UC2(V) Ad1?UC1 UiU0 UiUC1 Ui / / Ad? / / AC1?/ / AC?U0 Ui/ / CMRR =│Ad1│ AC1 具有恒流源的差动放大电路性能测试 将图4－1电路中开关K拨向右边，构成具有恒流源的差动放大电路。重复内容1－2)、1－3)的要求，记入表4－2。 五、实验总结
1、 整理实验数据，列表比较实验结果和理论估算值，分析误差原因。 1) 静态工作点和差模电压放大倍数。
2) 典型差动放大电路单端输出时的CMRR实测值与理论值比较
3) 典型差动放大电路单端输出时CMRR的实测值与具有恒流源的差动放大器CMRR实测值比较。
2、 比较ui，uC1和uC2之间的相位关系。
3、 根据实验结果，总结电阻RE和恒流源的作用。
lay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companie
mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!26
模拟电子技术实验实验报告
