第二讲 非谓语动词
语法填空
【典题试做】
1．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to__perform(perform) consistently over a large area. 2．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Scientists have responded by noting(note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements.
3．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for being(be) Britain’s oldest full-time employee—still working 40 hours a week.
4．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans to__retire(retire) from her 36-year-old business.
5．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call saying(say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.
6．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to__get(get) there. 7．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
8．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)You don’t have to run fast or for long to__see(see) the benefit. 9．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of dying(die) early by running. 10．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to__improve(improve) water quality. 11．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.
12．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me to__stay(stay) and watch.
13．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food is full of fat and salt; by eating(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
14．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)They are required to__process(process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.
15．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.
16．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-
term resting(rest)．
非谓语动词是高考考查的重点，其中非谓语动词作状语、定语仍是重中之重。同时，高考对非谓语动词在句中作主语、宾语的考查增势明显。
短文改错
【典题试做】
1．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football. say→saying
2．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)If I succeed in manage one, I will open more. manage→managing 3．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. sell→selling
4．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watching them, my parents would not let me. __watching→watch
5．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent, wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud. wait→waiting
6．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious. 在take前加to
7．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables! 在students后加to
8．(全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip. take→taking 9．(全国卷Ⅲ)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. wear→wearing
1．谓语动词与非谓语动词的错用； 2．过去分词与现在分词的错用； 3．不定式符号to的多余或缺失； 4．to是介词还是不定式符号的误判； 5．介词后动名词的误用。
非谓语动词的形式及意义
非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义 其表示的动作与句中一般式 to do to be done 谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生 其表示的动作与句中不定式 进行式 to be doing 谓语动词的动作同时发生 其表示的动作发生在完成式 to have done to have been done 句中谓语动词的动作之前 其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时现在分词/动名词 一般式 doing being done 发生，或基本上同时发生 其表示的动作先于句完成式 having done having been done 中谓语动词的动作发生 过去分词 一般式 done 与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成 (2017·江苏卷)Many Chinese brands, having developed their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market. 很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉，它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。
(北京卷)There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题仍需要解决。
非谓语动词作状语 (一)不定式作状语
1．作目的状语。可用so as to/in order to替换，但 so as to一般不可置于句首，意为“为了；想要”。
(2024·江苏卷)To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones. 为了享受数字支付的便利，很多老年人开始使用智能手机。
Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year in order to/so as to/to visit her. 她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京去看她。
2．作结果状语。常用于下列结构中：only to do(表示意想不到的结果)；enough to do(足够做……)；too...to do...(太……而不能做……)；so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。
(四川卷)Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky. 汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果却发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
3．作原因状语。常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构中。这类形容词有easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed 等。
(辽宁卷)This machine is very easy to operate.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. 这台机器很容易操作。只需几分钟，任何人都能学会使用它。
■名师点津
语法填空和短文改错中常考查“主语＋be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词，若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。
(二)分词作状语
分词作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。为了强调，还可与while, when, once, if, unless等连用。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。
(2024·江苏卷)A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting man’s intelligence and creativity. 一座城市是人类的手与大脑的产物，这反映了人类的智慧与创造性。
(2024·北京卷) Ordinary soap, used correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively. 如果正确使用的话，普通肥皂可以有效地消灭细菌。
Generally speaking, if taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. 一般来说，如果按照说明服用，这种药没有副作用。 ■名师点津
某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且常用于一些系表结构中，此时这些过去分词只表示一种状态，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。常见的有located(坐落于), lost(迷路的), seated(坐着的), hidden(躲着的), lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿着), tired of(厌烦的), faced with(面对着)等，无论它们在句中作何种成分都不用其-ing形式。
(天津卷)Absorbed in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching. 由于专心绘画，约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。 (三)独立成分作状语
有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常考的独立成分有：
独立成分 generally speaking (to be general) honestly/roughly/strictly speaking frankly speaking/to be frank judging from/by taking...into consideration/account considering/seeing/given... to tell the truth/to be honest compared with/by to make things worse 意义 一般来说 老实说/大体说/严格说 坦白说 根据……来判断 考虑到…… 考虑到…… 说实话 与……相比 更糟糕的是 (浙江卷)To be honest, the pay isn’t attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting. 说实话，尽管这份工作本身很有趣，但是这个报酬不是很吸引人。
(四)独立主格结构作状语
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成，用于修饰整个句子。该结构位置相当灵活，可置于句首、句末或句中，常由逗号将其与句子主体分开，在句中通常作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等，还可以作定语。其构成形式主要有：
2024年新高考英语语法突破讲义：非谓语动词
