英
一、名词解释
第一课
语语言学
1.Synchronic共时性: Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.
2.Langue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 3.Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.
4.Arbitrariness任意性: One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课
1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.
2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.
3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课
1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2.Derivational morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are called…
3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课
1.Syntax语法 句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.
3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D- structure.
4.Surface structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课
1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 第六课
1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.
3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
二、简答题
第一课
1．What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them study
Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.
Phonology: It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.
Morphology: A field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language Syntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences. Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context. 2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language
The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.
First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.
3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system
1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for. 2) Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.
3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels. 4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future 5) Cultural transmission 第二课
1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study Who do you think will be more interested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist Why 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别为什么
Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.
Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.
A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences in meaning.
2. What is phone How is it different from a phoneme how are allophones related to a phoneme
Phone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.
Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .
The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/ Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.
第三课
1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to.
Give at least two examples of each.
Suffix: -ing Meaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its result Stem type: added to verbs Examples: fighting: denote the action of battle building: denote the action of construction
Suffix: -able Meaning: able to be Stem type: added to verbs Examples: avoidable: able to be prevented from calculable: able to be measured or assessed
Suffix: -ist
Meaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activity Stem type: added to nouns
Examples: dramatist: a person who writes plays dentist: a person who treats the teeth disease
2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.
1) prefix: un-
meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; not stem type: added to nouns
examples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach or language unhappy: not happy 2) prefix: anti-
meaning: opposed to; against stem type: added to nouns
examples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically induced abortion anti-art: against the traditional art 3) prefix: re-
meaning: once more; afresh; anew stem type: added to verbs examples: restart: start once more
reaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again
第五课
1. What are the major types of synonyms in English并举例
1) dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional 2) Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style
3) Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning 4) Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with 5) Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves 2. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.
Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed: Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peace Homographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结
