关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如： I heard that he joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： 1) She did not know what had happened.
2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介词的宾语
例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语
例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：
Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised,
worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. It 可以作为形式宾语
It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month.. 5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：
I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire that they won the match. (wrong) 6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong) 7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，
其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。） 三．表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如： 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四．同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如： 1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语） 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分 五．倒装
一般来说，倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装，有的倒装是因为语法需要而出现的，有的倒装则是因为结构平衡的需要而出现的。 一、全部倒装
1. 以here, there，now, then开头的句子，谓语动词要放在句子的主语之前，这种句子中的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。 如：
Here comes the train! There goes the bell!
注意：如果句子的主语是人称代词，则不能使用倒装结构。 如：
Here it comes! / There it does!
2. 有些动词短语以副词out, in, up, down, away等结尾，构成不及物动词短语。这时，为了使句子更形象，常将这些副词提前到句首。这时，句中的谓语动词要放在句子主语的前面，构成全部倒装。（注意，这时句子的主语也必须是名词。如果是人称代词，也不能使用倒装结构。） 如：
Up went the rocket. Up it went.
3. 为了强调表示地点的介词短语，常将这个介词短语放在句首，构成全部倒装。注意，这时句子的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。如： In the front of the lecture hall sat the speaker.
4. 表语置于句首，且主语较长或结构较复杂的句子要用全部倒装。如： Gone are the days when we ha nothing to eat.
5. so/ neither/ nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者，其倒装结构为“so/ neither/ nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词”，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如： She has finished her homework, so has her brother. She hasn’t gone there, neither/ nor has he.
但如果so表示强调，即强调前面所说的情况的真实性时，其结构是“so+主语+助动词/系动词/情态动词”，这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如： She knows little English, so she does. 她英语懂得不多，的确如此。 二、部分倒装
1． 用于疑问句中。如： How did you do that?
Did you see the film yesterday?
2． 用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句中。如果我们将连词if省略，应把were，had，should提到主语前面。如：
If you had come yesterday, you would have seen him. ---Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.
3． 用于as引导的让步状语从句中。As引导的让步状语从句引起的倒装有以下几种形式： 1） 副词置于句首。如：
Much as I like it (=Although I like it very much), I will not buy it. 2） 动词置于句首。如：
Wait as you may (= Although you may wait), he will not see you. 3） 形容词或名词置于句首。如：
Proud as the nobles are (=Although the nobles are proud), they are afraid to see
me.
Child as he is (=Although he is a child), he can tell right from wrong. 注意：如果名词前有形容词修饰时，as引导的倒装句中要保留不定冠词。如：
A bad-tempered man as he is (=Although he is a bad-tempered man), he loves me deeply.
4． 具有否定意义的副词或连词（not, hardly, no sooner, not until, seldom, not once, at no time, never, little等）置于句首时，句子（主句）采用部分倒装。 Little do we know about him.
No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep. Seldom does he come back on Sundays. Not until he came back did I know about it.
5． only修饰句子的状语（从句）位于句首时，句子9主句）要用部分倒装。如： Only then did I realize the important of English.
Only when a child grows up does he understand his parents’ intentions. 但如果only修饰的是句子的其它成分，则无需倒装。如：
Only socialism can save China. (only修饰的是句子的主语，故仍用正常语序) 6． not only…but also…连接两个并列分句时，第一个分句应使用部分倒装。如： Not only does he do well in his lessons, but also he often helps others with their lessons.
7． so…that结构中的倒装。有时要强调so 所修饰的形容词或副词，常将so连同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提到句首。这时，主句要用倒装结构。如： He runs so fast that he is far ahead of others. ---So fast does he run that he is far ahead of others.
He is so clever that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book.
--So clever is he that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book.(全部倒装)
六．主谓一致
在大学英语四级测试的“词汇与结构”一题中，考查主语和谓语一致关系的试题居多。所以主谓一致是各类一致关系中应该重点掌握的内容。现代英语主谓一致大致要遵循以下三条原则：
1）语法一致原则。主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。 【例如】
My friend has no intention of going shopping with me. My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.
2）意义一致原则。主语和谓语的一致不是由主语的语法形式来决定，而是由主语所表
达的意义决定。 【例如】
The class are busying writing English passages.
The United States is a developed country which has advanced science and technology.
带有复数词尾的学科名称、国家等在意义是表示单数概念，用单数动词。
3）就近原则。谓语动词的单、复数取决于最靠近它的主语。由either...or，neither...nor，not only...but also连接或由here，there等引导的句子，谓语动词遵循这一原则。 【例如】Neither my friends nor I was able to persuade him to accept our advice. Either he or she has broken the window, for there is no one else there. There is a teacher and fifty students in the classroom. 相关练习
1. Each of you ______ responsible for the accident. a. am b. be c. is d. are
2. Each man and woman ______ the same rights. a. has b. have c. had d. is having
3. Every means ______ tried but without much result.
a. has been b. have been c. are d. is
4. There ______ in this room.
a. are too much furniture b. is too many furnitures c. are too much furnitures d. is too much furniture
5. The manager or his assistant ______ planning to go. a. were b. are c. was d. be
6. Not only I but also David and Iris ______ fond of playing basketball. a. am b. is c. are d. was
7. Neither Tom nor his parents ______ at home. a. is b. are c. has d. was
8. Either the dean or the principal ______ the meeting.
a. attends b. attend c. are attending d. have attended
9. ______ was wrong.
a. Not the teacher but the students b. Both the students and the teacher c. Neither the teacher not the students d. Not the students but the teacher
10. “______ twenty dollars a big sum to her?” “I suppose so.”
a. Will be b. Is c. Are d. Were
11.Three hours ______ enough for us to finish the task. a. are b. has c. is d. were
12. Most of his savings ______ in the Xin Hua Bank.
a. has been kept b. is being kept c. have kept d. have been kept
13. All that can be done ______.
a. has done b. has been done c. have done d. have been done
14. One or perhaps more pages _______.
a. is missing b. has been missed c. are missing d. was missing
15. More than one worker ______ dismissed. a. have been b. are c. has been d. has
16. Many a student ______ the importance of learning a foreign language.
a. have realized b. has realize c. have been realized d. has been realized
17.The gas works ______ near the city. a. is b. are c. were d. be
18. The surroundings of his house ______ clean now. a. is b. are c. was d. were
19.The committee ______ over the problem among themselves for two hours. a. has argued b. has been arguing c. have argued d. have been arguing
20. The public ______ generous in their contributions to the earthquake victims. a. is b. was c. are d. has been
21.Cattle ______ on the hillside.
a. grazes b. is grazing c. was grazing d. were grazing
22. Her politics ______ neither conservative nor liberal. a. is b. are c. was d. has been
23. Measles ______ a kind of infectious illness. a. is b. are c. were d. have been
24. The Philippines ______ to the south-east of China. a. lies b. lie c. lay d. lays
25. Mary is one of the girls who ______ always on time. a. is b. am c. are d. was
26. Tom is the only one of the stall members who ______ to be promoted. a. is going b. are going c. has been going d. have been going
27. What caused the accident ______ on the road.
a. were stone b. were stones c. was stone d. was stones
28. Wisky and soda ______ his favorite drink. a. is b. are c. were d. have been
29. ______ is to attend our evening.
a. both the singer and the dancer b. Either the singer or dancers c. The singer or dancers d. The singer and dancer
30. The Smiths ______ their breakfast when the morning post came. a. had b. has been having c. are having d. were having
31. No one except two students ______ the meeting. a. has been late for b. have been late for c. was late for d. were later for
32. All but him and me ______ to the exhibition.
a. am going b. is going c. are going d. was going
33. Interest, as well as prospects, ______ important when one looks for a job.
a. are b. were c. is d. was
34. The president, accompanied by his assistants, ______.
a. have arrived b. are arriving c. had arrived d. has arrived
35. A number of cars ______ in front of the park
a. is parked b. was parked c. are parked d. has parked
36.The number of articles published on smoking ______ amazing. a. is b. are c. were d. have been
37. The majority of doctors ______ smoking is harmful to health. a. are believed b. had believed c. has believed d. believe
38. The majority of the damage ______ easy to repair. a. is b. are c. were d. be
39. Four-fifths of the crop ______.
a. are ruined b. was ruined c. were ruined d. have been ruined
40. Three-fourths of the buildings ______.
a. was destroyed b. is destroyed c. were destroyed d. has been destroyed
41. Early to bed and early to rise ______ a man healthy, happy and wise. a. making b. to make c. make d. makes
42. Mathematics ______ the language of science. a. is b. has been c. are d. have been
43. The young ______ the vital forces in our society. a. is b. has been c. are d. have been
44. Every man, woman and child ______ some history, enough at least, to survive in the world.
a. knows b. know c. is known d. are known
45. None of them ______ my friends.
a. is b. are c. was d. has been
46.Not only the whole nation, but the whole Europe , indeed the whole human society ______ to alter its attitude to racial problems. a. need b. needs c. has a need d. have a need
47. Getting to other planets or to the moon _____ many problems. a. involve b. involves c. involving d. to involve
48. In that country, the rich ______ richer, the poor, poorer. a. become b. has become c. becomes d. is becoming
49. The project requires more labor than ______ because it is extremely difficult. a. has been put in b. have been put in c. being put in d. to be put in
50.Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease ______ likely to develop it.
a. should be b. must be c. is d. are 另外
(一), 如果主语是不可数名词,动名词,不定式或从句的时候,谓语动词用单数. Smoking is not a good habit. To live happily needs a lot of things. What I said is true.
(二), 如果由and连接的两个做主语的单数名词指的是同一个人或物的时候,用单数动词. The singer and songwriter is dead.
The science and technology plays an important part in China.
Bread and butter(=buttered bread) is a good food for patients.
“War and Peace” is the best book I have ever read. 如果由and连接的两个或更多的主语之前有each, every, many a/an, no的时候用单数名词.
Every boy and girl in the class works very hard. Each minute and second is valuable to us.
(三), 主语是单数, 后面跟有with, along with, together with, besides, as well as, but, except, no less than, rather than, more than, like, including, in addition to 的时候, 谓语动词用单数.
Jack with his family wants to go to China. He, as well as you, is very honest. No one but I is a student.
Her brother, together with his wife and children, was killed in the accident. The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible. (四), 由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词(sb,sth---)和each, either, neither, one, the other, another, little,
a little, much, no one, nothing做主语的时候,谓语动词用 单数.
Each of you is cleverer than me. Neither student has passed the exam. Is anybody here?
(五), both, few, a few, several, many以及others做主语的时候, 永远用复数动词.
Several friends were invited to the party. Both books are sold out.
(六), all, none, any, some, more和most要是修饰单数名词,谓语 动词用单数; 若是修饰复数名词,就用复数动词. Most of the apple is bad.
Most of the apples are bad. None of this money is yours.
None of the people here are teachers.
(七), 由or连接的两个以上主语时,动词和最接近的主语一致. You or he is wrong. Are you or he wrong?
由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接的两个 以上主语时,动词和最近的主语一致. Either he or you have to tell the truth.
Neither my brother nor his friends are over 18 years old.
Not only the basketball players but also the coach was very nervous.
(八), 若主语的复数名词表示的是”一段时间”, “一笔钱”, “一段距离”, “一个数量”, “一个面积”的时候用单数谓语动词.
Two weeks is to enough for me to finish it. Five thousand dollars is too much. Ten kilometers is too long for me to run.
(九), people(人民), police, cattle(牛群)等常用复数动词. 有一些
集体名词,如果表示的是整体就用单数动词, 如果表示的是其中的个体 就用复数谓语动词.这样的词常见的有family, class, audience, public, team等等. His family are all singers. His family is very large.
(十)， 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词与先行词一致。 Those who want to go please sign their names here. (十一)，一些名词只有复数形式，如clothes, scissors, trousers, shorts, scales 等， 作主语时谓语用复数形式 The scales 天平 are mine.
但是成双的东西前面有a pair of 要用单数。 This pair of scissors belongs to the tailor.
(十二)， 如果主语由“a kind of ( a series of ) 构成， 谓语一般 用单数形式。
This kind of men is dangerous. 如果是多种，谓语动词要用复数。 There are many kinds of apples. (十三)， 算术式通常用单数。
(十四)， ics结尾的学科用单数谓语动词。
(十五)， 书名，剧名，报纸名，国名的复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。 The united states is a capitalist country.
“ The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story -book.
(十六)，“the+形容词（分词）“ 指人谓语动词用复数形式。指抽象谓语动词 用单数。
The English speak English. The new always beats the old.
(十七)， who, what, which, all,more, most some, any, none, half, the rest, the remainder 等作主语要看各自的情况。 (十八)， one and a half 加复数名词作主语谓语动词用单数。 One and a half bananas is left on the table 关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0
英语语法+大学英语语法总结(2)
