二、基本构成： had +过去分词，常用的时间状语有：before, after, once, until, by the end of +过去时间。 三、基本用法
1、 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。 2、 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
3、表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本…，未能…。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn‘t. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如： He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D.
把书忘在办公室发生在去取书这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在同学们正忙于……这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。 had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。 四、不用过去完成时的情况
1、 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如： When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2、 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3、 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
第八节 将来完成时
一、定义：表示到将来某时将已经发生的动作。常用的时间状语有：by+将来时间。 二、基本构成：will have done 三、基本用法
1、 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
2、 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如： You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。
小节自测题
1. ____ my breakfast when a robber broke into my home.
A had B had been having C have been coming D was having 2. My boss _______ trouble, so I was fed up with him. A was constantly making B were constantly making C were making constantly D was constantly made 3. I regret that I divorced him. I ______ stupid.
A am just B had just been C was just being D would just be 4. He discovered that his luggage ________ stolen. A had been B has been C was D would be
5. She ______ clean out the room last week, but she was too busy at that time. A intended to B was intended to C had intended to D has intended to 6. No sooner _______than it began to rain.
A did he return B had he returned C he did return D he had returned. 7. When noon arrives, _______ at least ten birds.
A we may shoot B we might have shot
C it is our expectation to shoot D it is estimated that we’ll have shot 8. By the time you get to New York, I _______ for London.
A would be leaving B am leaving C have already left D shall have left Key：DBCAC BDD
第九节 现在完成进行时
一、定义：现在完成进行时表示一个动作始于过去，持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行。 例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it. 我一直在找我丢的那本书，找了三天任然没找到。
He has been learning English for 6 years.（强调从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学） 二、基本构成：“have/has+been+ 动词的现在分词 ”构成 三、基本用法：
1、表示动作发生在过去一直持续到现在，还要继续下去。
例如： I ' ve been reading this book for two hours, but I haven ' t finished it. 这本书我已读了两个小时了，但我还没读完。 比较： I ' ve read this book. 我已读完这本书了。 2、强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。
例如：She has always been working like that. 她一贯是这样工作的。 It has raining for 3 days. (强调说话者抱怨的感情色彩)
3、现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。 We ' ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently. 最近我们经常见面。 四、现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
1、现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较： We’ ve been living here for ten years. 十年来我们一直住在这儿。 We ’ ve lived here for ten years. 我们在这儿已经住了十年了。
2、在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如： The students have been preparing for the exam.（还在进行）学生们一直在准备考试。 The students have prepared for the exam. （已经结束）学生们为考试作了准备。
3、有些表示状态，感情，感觉的动词如： have, exist, like, hate, hear, know, sound 等动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：
They 've known each other since 1970. 自从1970 年起他们就相互认识了。
小节自测题
1. — I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
— I think so. He ________ for it for months.
A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing
2. By the time he realizes he _________ into a trap, it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it. A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked
3. So far this year we _______ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen
4. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she ______ English for a year. A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying 5. Danny _________ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.
A. works B. is working C. has worked D. had worked 6. —I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You_________ in front of that computer too long.
A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked 7. The unemployment rate in this district_______ from 6% to 5% in the past two years. A. has fallen B. had fallen C. is falling D. was falling 8. Now that she is out of job, Lucy ___ going back to school，but she hasn’t decided yet. A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider 9. —______ you ______ him around the museum yet? —Yes. We had a great time there.
A. Have ; shown B. Do ; show C. Had; shown D. Did; show 10. —Hi, Tracy，you look pale.
—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted Key：C. 1-5 DCDDC 6-10 CABA C
第十节 易混时态的区别
一、现在进行时与一般现在时的区别
1、 现在进行时强调目前正在进行的动作，而一般现在时强调经常性或习惯性的动作。如： I’m reading a story now. 我在看一个故事。(目前正在干的事情) I read stories in my spare time. 我有空时看故事。(经常性的行为)
2、 现在进行时强调现阶段一直在进行的动作，而一般现在时只表示动作的重复，而不表示动作的持续。如：
What are you doing these days? 这几天你在干什么？
They are learning English in the summer holiday. 他们暑假在学英语。 They read English every day. 他们每天读英语。
They play volleyball every Sunday. 他们每周星期天都打排球。
3、 表示短促动作的动词(如 jump, knock, beat, pick, skip等)的进行时，表示动作的重复。如： The girls are jumping over there. 女孩子们在那边跳。 His heart is beating fast. 他的心脏跳得很快。
4、 某些表示希望或想法的动词(如hope, wonder, want等)的进行时可以表示委婉客气。如： I’m wondering whether you can help us now. 我不知道你现在能否帮我们一下。 I’m hoping that you will succeed.希望你能成功。 二、过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
1、过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续，而一般过去时表示动作的完成。如： He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完) He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完)
2、 表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。如：
I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。
3、 一般过去时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作；而过去进行时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感情色彩。如： He always got up at six. 他过去总是6点起床。
He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想着工作。
4、 有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时，但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的；而过去进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。如：
I thought that he would agree with us. 我认为他会同意我们的观点。
I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想要说服他接受我们的建议 三、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时强调动作的结果对现在的影响，属于现在时的范畴；一般过去时强调动作所发生的时间，属于过去时的范畴。因此，过去时需跟过去时间连用或有表过去时间的上下文连用，而现在完成时不能与过去时间连用。如： I read the book two weeks ago. 我两周前读了这本书。 I have read the book for two weeks. 这本书我读了两周了。 四、现在完成时与现在进行时
现在完成时强调动作持续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去，或动作刚结束；而现在进行时只强调目前的状态。如：
2017年江苏省专转本英语语法讲解及练习(含答案)
