I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排） I‘m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排） 四、特殊用法
1、下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。 2、以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3、在时间或条件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。
I‘ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。 4、在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：
I‘m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？
第五节 现在完成时
一、定义：现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。常用的时间状语有：already, yet, before, just, ever, lately, recently, never, twice, for+时间段，since等。 二、基本结构：have／has ＋done 否定形式：have／has ＋not＋done 一般疑问句：have／has放于句首 三、基本用法
1、一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去
的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2、一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
3、现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）
I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）
Who hasn‘t handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争） He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续） He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 四、特殊用法
1、It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time （that） I‘ve heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2、This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that I‘ve (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 ① ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 ② ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it‘s the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。
注意：① 非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
② Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：
①
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 ③ 并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）
④ 用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. （错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 四、特殊用法 Since 的用法：
1、 since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。 2、 since +一段时间+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 3、 since +从句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。 4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
注释：延续性动词和瞬间性动词：延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果）I‘ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
小节自测题
1. While people may refer to television for up-to-date news, it is unlikely that television_______ the newspaper completely.
A replaced B have replaced C replace D will replace 2. --When is the concert supposed to start? --It ______.
A is about start B has been about to start C is about to start D has about to start
3. Please hurry up. You _____ be late.
A are to B are about to C are going to D are being to 4. A new power station ______ there.
A will be going to build B is going to be built C will be gone to build D is gone to be built 5. The train _____at eight tonight.
A will be started B will be started C shall be started D starts 6. She _____ in the feet on her way home from work. A got hurt B is hurt C hurts D hurting
7. My wife would rather they _______about the matter any more. A don’t talk B won’t talk C didn’t talk D are not talking 8. This is one of the most diligent students that I ________. A ever have known B have ever known C know D knew
9. I’m glad that Peter decided to come to the party because we ______him for several years. A haven’t seen B have don’t see C didn’t seen D hadn’t seen 10. This is the fifth time he _______ you in a week. A rang B has rung C rings D had rung 11. It ______ a long time since w met last.
A has been B will be C was D had been. 12. Don’t disturb him. He _______ to the weather forecast.
A listen B is being listened C is listening D has listened 13. My teacher ______________.
A has forever criticized me B forever criticizes me C was forever criticizing me D is forever criticizing me 14. The food that Cathy is cooking in the kitchen ______ delicious. A is smelling B smells C has smelled D will smell Key: DCCBD ACBAB ACDB
第六节 过去进行时
一、定义：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 二、基本结构：did/was/were
否定形式：did/was/were＋not＋do 一般疑问句：did/was/were放于句首 三、基本用法
1、表示过去某一时刻，或某一阶段正在进行的动作。通常和表示过去的时间状语连用。 What were you doing yesterday at 7:00 p.m.?(过去某一时刻)
From 1983 to 1988, he was teaching English at Yale(耶鲁大学)。（过去某一阶段）
2、表示过去的习惯性，经常性动作。但是这种习惯性动作具有过去某一阶段的暂时性。如： In those days, Tom used to get up at 9:00, but that week, he was getting up at 5:00 every day.
3、 过去进行时经常和always, constantly, forever, continually等频度副词连用，表示说话人对某种行为的厌烦等不满
情绪。
He was always playing tricks on me. 他老是捉弄我！ 四、特殊用法
1、表示过去将来时间里按计划安排即将发生的动作。即表示过去将来。 如：They were leaving a few days later.
2、用在时间，条件等从句中，用过去进行时表示过去将来正在进行的动作。 如：He told me to wake him up if he was sleeping. I will let you know when Mary is arriving.
3、表示委婉语气。这种用法和过去进行时基本一样。表示委婉，礼貌的程度最深。 I hope/hoped/am hoping/was hoping that you could lend me some money. 其中, i was hoping 的委婉程度第一。
4、过去进行时用于虚拟语气，表示对现在或将来的主观臆想，与事实相反的情况。 如：She wishes that she were coming with us tomorrow.（对将来的虚拟） 她希望明天和我们一起来。
I wish that they were not talking so loudly.(对现在的虚拟)
注意：当一般过去时和过去进行时同时出现在句中，通常是表示短暂动作的动词用一般过去时，而表示较长时间的动作用过去进行时。
如：I broke a glass while I was cooking in the kitchen.
The students were still laughing when the teacher came in the classroom.
第七节 过去完成时
一、定义：表示过去某个时刻之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去
2017年江苏省专转本英语语法讲解及练习(含答案)
