Functional Skill:
Expressing Names of Chinese Dishes (Part One)(中餐菜谱翻译法)
中餐菜谱不容易翻译,原因是中国人的饮食文化比较发达,对菜名特别讲究。菜谱翻译的核心内容是菜用什么原料做成,因为外国人在餐桌上最关心的是吃什么东西。其次要讲清楚的是菜的用料、刀法和烹调方法。由此可见,要译好菜谱,就必须知道一些主要的用料、刀法、烹调方法及某些准备步骤。
1.常见的用料
鸡chicken鸭duck鹅goose鱼类fish肉类meat猪肉pork牛肉beef小牛肉veal羊肉mutton小羊肉lamb牛尾oxtail里脊fillet排骨spareribs腰子kidney肚子tripe肝liver舌tongue下水offals蹄子trotter甲鱼turtle鸡什giblets鹿肉venison鸡脯chicken breast螃蟹crab海味seafood虾shrimp干贝scallop海螺whelk鱿鱼squid海蜇jellyfish黄鳝finless eel鹌鹑quail野味game兔rabbit鸽pigeon田鸡frog龙虾lobster牡蛎oyster田螺snail火腿ham蛇snake腌肉bacon香肠sausage
熊掌bear’s paw鱼翅shark’s fin燕窝bird’s nest 2.切煮前的准备工作
去骨boning例如,去骨鸭掌boned duck webs 打鳞scaling例如,去鳞鱼scaled fish
剥/去皮skinning例如,去皮田鸡skinned frogs 脱壳shelling例如,虾仁shelled shrimps 腌制pickling例如,咸酸菜pickled vegetables 3.常用刀法及用料形状 (1)常用刀法
切片slice切丝shred切丁dice切柳fillet
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切碎mince捣烂mash酿入stuff (2)常用用料形状
肉/鱼片sliced meat/fish或meat/fish slices 肉丝shredded meat或pork shreds
肉/鸡丁diced pork/chicken或meat/chicken cubes 肉末minced meat 肉丸meat balls 肉馅meat filling 4.中餐菜谱翻译法
(1)直译法。英译时把对应的制作方法译出来,再以该菜的主要原料为中心词。如:
炖牛肉Stewed Beef
(2)直译加注法。英译时直接按中文菜名译出其意,然后再补充说明其内在含义。如:
狮子头Lion’s Head---- Pork Meat Balls (3)此法可分三种情况:
a.原料+with+作料。以原料为中心词,有时捎带把烹调法也译出,再加上用介词with或in与作料构成的短语即可。如:
海米白菜Chinese Cabbage with Dried Shrimps 鱼香肉丝Shredded Pork with Garlic Sauce
b.作料+原料。即把作料用作修饰语,放在中心词原料的前面。如: 咖喱牛肉Curry Beef古老肉Sweet & Sour Pork
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c.以“实”对“虚”法。即舍去中菜名里的喻意、夸张等说法而用平直、明白的英语译出。
如:
发财好市Black Moss Cooked with Oysters 彩凤喜迎春Baked Chicken and Fried Quail Eggs 蚂蚁上树Vermicelli with Spicy Minced Pork 龙虎凤大烩Thick Soup of Snake, Cat and Chicken
d.“移药接木”法。借用西方人熟悉并了解的欧洲菜名或主食名来译部分中菜名与少数主食,因为它们之间有许多相似之处。译文地道、通俗易懂,能收到事半功倍的效果。
如:
烤排骨Barbecued Spare Ribs饺子Chinese-style Ravioli
e.音译加释义法。先按中文用拼音译出,然后再加以解释性的英译,使英译文保留点“中国味”。
如:
包子Baozi---Stuffed Bun馒头Mantou–Steamed Bread f.“随机应变”法:
原料+地名+Style。应用些法可以灵活地处理一些难以对付的地方风味特色菜名。英译出原料名后,再稍加“点拨”就可以大功告成。如:
广东龙虾Lobster Cantonese Style麻婆豆腐Bean Curd Sichuan Style中餐常见的烹调方法
中菜的烹调方法至少有50多种,但大体不离:
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煮(boiling)、煲/炖(stewing)、烧/焖/烩(braising)、煎(frying)、炒(stir-frying)、爆(quick-frying)、炸(deep-frying)、扒(fryingand simmering)、煸(sautéing)、煨(simmering)、熏(smoking)、烤(roasting/barbecuing)、烘(baking)、蒸(steaming)、白灼(scalding)等基本方法。
煮boiled如“煮咸牛肉”(Boiled Corned Beef)
煲/炖stewed如“清炖牛肉”(Stewed Ox Tail in Clear Soup) 烧braised如“红烧牛蹄”(Braised Ox Trotters in Brown Sauce) 煎(pan-)fried如“煎明虾”(Fried Prawns)
炒braised如“炒鸡丁”(Stir-Fried Chicken Dices)爆quick-fried如“葱爆羊肉”(Quick-Fried Lamb with Scallion in Ginger Sauce)炸deep-fried如“炸大虾”(Deep-Fried Prawns)
扒fried and simmered如“虾子扒海参”(Fried and Simmered Sea Cucumber with Shrimp Roe)煸sautéed如“干煸鳝鱼”(Sautéed Eel Slices)
煨simmered如“煨牛肉”(Simmered Beef)
焖braised如“黄酒焖猪排”(Braised Pork Chops in Rice Wine) 烩braised如“烩鸡丝”(Braised Chicken Shreds with Peas) 熏smoked如“熏鱼”(Smoked Fish) 烘baked如“烘鸽”(Baked Pigeon)
蒸steamed如“蒸鲜鱼”(Steamed Fresh Fish) 酱/醋marinated如“酱鸡”(Marinated Chicken) 卤spicy; stewed in gravy如“卤鸭”(Spicy Duck)
涮instant-boiled如“涮羊肉”(Instant-Boiled Mutton Slices)
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酿stuffed如“酿青椒”(Stuffed Green Pepper) 烤roast; barbecued如“烤鹅”(Roast Goose)
清蒸steamed(in clear soup)如“清蒸桂鱼”(Steamed Mandarin Fish) 清炖stewed in clear soup如“清炖甲鱼”(Stewed Turtle in Clear Soup) 白灼/嫩煮scalded如“白灼海虾”(Scalded Prawns)
红烧braised in brown sauce如“红烧蹄筋”(Braised Pork Tendon in Brown Sauce)干烧in pepper sauce如“干烧干贝”(Scallop in Pepper Sauce)
麻辣with hot pepper如“麻辣豆腐”(Bean Curd with Hot Pepper/Spice Bean Curd)酱爆in bean sauce如“酱爆肉丁”(Diced Pork in Bean Sauce)
鱼香in(spicy)garlic sauce如“鱼香肉丝”(Shredded Pork in Garlic Sauce) 糖醋with sweet and sour sauce如“糖醋排骨”(Spareribs with Sweet and Sour Sauce)宫保with chili and peanuts如“宫保鸡丁”(Diced Chicken with Chili and Peanuts)脆皮crisp(in spicy sauce)如“脆皮鱼”(Crisp Fish)
香酥crisp fried如“香酥鸡”(Crisp Fried Chicken)
焦熘fried in sauce如“焦熘鱼片”(Fried Fish Slices in Sauce) 甜酸sweet and sour如“甜酸肉”(Sweet & Sour Pork)
胡辣with pepper and chili如“胡辣海参”(Sea Slug with Pepper and Chili) 油淋drip-fried with oil如“油淋兔”(Drip-Fried Rabbit with oil) 干煸dry-sautéed如“干煸季豆”(Dry-Sautéed String Beans) 盐水boiled in salt water如“盐水虾”(Boiled Shrimps in Slat Water) 家常home style如“家常豆腐”(Bean Curd Home Style)
陈皮with spicy orange peel如“陈皮鸡”(Chicken in Spicy Orange Peel)
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