三、动词的时态和语态
动词的时态和语态【to be continued】
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。
一般 进行 完成 完成进行 am, is , are, am/is/are 现在 do, does doing have/has done have/has been doing will/shall have been doing had been doing will/shall do will/shall be will/shall 将来 doing have done was, were, did, was/were 过去 v-ed doing had done would/should would/should would/should would/should 过去 be doing have done have been doing 将来 do 一般现在时的特例
（1） Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
Duck has two legs. 鸭子有两条腿。
vMy father told me that the earth _____(go) around the sun. 【goes】 （2）表示客观事实、普遍真理，特别是用于表示科学事实、客观存在和格言等。 vThe earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
用于表示一般将来时的主从复合句的从句中可以表示将来时；也就是说，主句用一般 将来时，从句用一般现在时。
When?he?arrives,?he’ll?tell?us?all?about?the?match. 当他到的时候，他会告诉我们这场比赛的经过。
I?can’t?come?unless?my?brother?agrees. 我不能来，除非我哥哥同意。 If he arrives in Paris, Peter will give me a call . 如果peter到了巴黎，他会给我电话的。
一般过去时的注意点
在条件从句中表示与现在或将来事实相反的假设。（虚拟语气）
If?I?were?you,?I?wouldn’t?accept?the?offer. 如果我是你，我不会接受这个提议。 I?wish,???It’s?(high)?time后that从句中，表示与现在或将来的事实相反的主观设想 It’s?time?you?went?to?bed. 你该睡觉了。
I wish I were a bird .?
?2) 表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”和“would +动词原形”。
注意：used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“be used to + 名词或动名词”表示“习惯于……”。例如：
I used to smoke when I was a college freshman. ?? 一般将来时的注意点
?一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状况，由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成以及be going to 。Shall 用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。一般和表示时常、将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow,? next?month,?next?week等。如：
l) “be going to+动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：??? ? ??????????????? We are going to have a meeting today．
2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作；有时用一般现在时也可表示将来。例如： ?????????????? ?I’m leaving for Beijing be?going?to的用法
1. 用于表将来?? Their?daughter?is?to?get?married?soon.??
2.?表示?“义务”、“应该”?。(意思接近于should，?must，?ought?to，?have?to)? ????? You?are?to?be?back?by?10?o’clock.?你必须十点以前回来。?? ?3. 表示?“命运”,?将来必然要发生的事,?译作?“注定……”。如：?? The?worst?is?still?to?come.??
They?said?goodbye,?little?knowing?they?were?never?to?meet?again.?
四、非谓语动词
非谓语动词（1） 一、作主语
⒈不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： ①It＋be＋名词＋to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old. ②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work 不定式作宾语
①以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如：
I decided to ask for my money back.
I decided that I would ask for my money back.
When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. ②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如：
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. ③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)
在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如：
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV
It is +adj.+ to do sth 句型
It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. ④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. ⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等； 在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，如：It'skind of you to help me with
my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. 2.动词+to do（作宾语）
动词不定式做宾语其实你只要把不定式(to do sth)看成一个名词即可,
它属于五种基本句型里的主+谓+宾结构,例如 I beg to differ.我不敢苟同. 能用此结构的动词有:
决心decide determin学会learn想want希望expect wish hope,拒绝refuse设法manage strive愿care假装pretend,主动ofer答应promise选choose
计划plan,同意agree请求ask beg帮一帮help.为方便记忆大家把汉字连成句.
另外再加上afford to do sth 承担的起???
3. 在一些动词之后，可以在连接代词（what/who/which)或者连接副词（how/when/where)以及whether后面接一个带to的动词不定式。这种结构是连接词宾语从句的简略形式。 I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite) Show us what to do. (=what we must do)
I don’t know whether to answer his letter. (=此处不用if）
4..不定式作宾语时,如带有宾语补足语,则要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式宾语,构成\主语+动词+it+宾补(形容词,名词)+不定式\
He?found?it?very?difficult?to?get?to?sleep.? 他发现很难入睡.
注意：常用此结构的动词有consider,judge,make,feel,make 等。
句型四： 形容词+ to do sth
of sb to do 用来说明人的性格特征和行为表现的动态形容词与不定式连用，常用brave,careful cruel, generous,clever, foolish, kind, modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容词 It is wise of you not to agree with you. It is generous of him to lend me his car, 不定式作状语 ⒈作目的状语
(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.
②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor. (2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如：
Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.
有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如： I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen.
(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 ①We are glad to hear the news.
②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.
在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。 如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in.
常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。 ⒉作结果状语
专升本考试英语语法总结
