Total Physical Response (TPR)简介
TPR“全身反应法”是上世纪60年代(那个语言学“火红的年代”)由美国心理学教授James Asher提出的。他分析研究母语实现的过程,倡导把“语言”和“行为”联系在一起,通过左右脑的共同协调训练建立语言思维,达到掌握外语的目的。
具体实现方式是:通过语言学习者听到一个外语指令,用身体动作对它做出对相应的反应,从而使听者逐渐自然建立语言能力。最典型的例子就是当听到“Stand Up”就从坐位上站起来,听到“Touch your nose”就去摸自己的鼻子。应用更多的手势和简单实物教具,TPR完全可以展示动词的不同时态以及复杂的句子形式。
TPR是典型的符合二语悉得基本理念的一个非常有效的教学体系。它的特点符合SLA的关于语言形成的各项假说和建议:
1. 主张学习者通过“可理解输入”先建立听力能力,不强迫学生开口说; 2. 降低学生紧张情绪;
3. 左右脑协调使用,共同实现语言能力(左脑接受指令,右脑负责做动作); 4. 模仿真实的语言环境;
5. 不教语法知识,也不急于学读写;
TPR一般需要由有经验的教师辅导学生完成,特别是零基础者。但有一些基础的同学可以在学友之间甚至自己(先把指令录下)完成。本人认为有一点基础的同学也要自己尝试一下TPR。通过TPR经历,可以很好地帮助建立英文思维。所以同学们不要认为:我懂Stand up的意思,不用做了。知道你懂了,但可能它只是一个记忆中的知识或中文的解释,它还不是你思维的一部分。直到重复过几遍,最后能迅速对指令不假思索地作出反应后,才逐渐实现融入自己的思维。大家可以想象这对咱们今后听复杂句子的“反应速度”会有多么重大影响。
502 Words that Can Be Learned with Total Physical Response (TPR), By Domain.
Note: The following is a first list of just some of the words that can easily be learned using TPR. It is exemplary, not comprehensive, and can be used as a start to make of list of 1,000 or even 2,000 words. A few the words are culture/county specific but you can replace them with things from where you are. ——Completed by Buke Qian
五官动作
General Body Movements
111. stand up 112. sit down 113. walk 114. Stop 115. walk3steps, etc. 115. turn left 116. turn right 117. turn around 转圈 118. walk backwards倒着走 119. jump 110. hop-单足跳/齐足跳11. bend over俯身12. squat [skwɑt] -蹲,跪下 17.kick用脚踢14. face (face me; face the wall, face the door, etc.) 18. kiss me (on the cheek!) 15. lift up your right leg (left leg, right arm, etc.)抬起16. lower your leg (left leg, right arm, etc.) 13.nod 点点头 14. shake摇头不赞成 25.shrug耸耸肩膀 17. scratch 发痒用手抓 17. shake my hand握手19. make a fist握拳 20. clap your hands 22. wave 21. snap your fingers 51. pointed to 用手指向 15.slap a child, 打孩子 16.chew your food [t??]咀嚼食物 26.bite咬 Parts of the body
408. hair 409. Forehead 410. Eyebrow 411. eyelash-睫毛 412. eye 413. ear 414. cheek 415. nose 416. lip/lips 417. mouth 418. moustache-小胡子 419. beard胡须420. Chin下巴 421. throat
422. tooth / teeth 423. tongue [t??]舌头 424. chest 425. Back 426. shoulder 427. belly-腹部 428. arm 429. leg 430. thigh [θa?] -大腿 431. shin [??n] 小腿骨 432. hand 433. finger 434. fingers 435. thumb [θ?m] 拇指 436. knuckle- ['n?kl]指关节 437. fingernail-手指甲
438. elbow-肘 439. knee 440. foot 441. ankle踝关节 442. toe / toes脚趾;足尖 Facial things
23. smile 24. cough咳嗽 25. laugh 26. cry 27. sneeze喷嚏 28. open your mouth 29. close your mouth
30. stick out your tongue伸出 31. put your tongue back in 32. wink一般的眨眼 33. Blink眨眼(因惊吓、强光刺激)眨眼 34. glanced at瞥了一眼 35.stared at盯着 General verbs you can use with objects
35. where is 36. Touch 37. show me 38. pick up捡起 39. put down 放下 40. put it back (return) 放回去 41. drop使掉下,使落下 42. move 43. give me (give him) 44. take it back 拿回去 45. throw 抛 46. catch 47. turn over翻过来 48. put the _____ on (under etc.) the ______ 51. lift-举起,抬起 49. Push推 50. pull 拉 Basic adverbs-基本副词
364. quickly 365. Slowly 366. carefully voice things
367. speak 368. sing 369. Hum哼哼/发嘈杂声
370. whisper-低声说,沙沙响 371.whistle吹口哨371. shout/yell呼喊;大叫 372. stop speaking (singing, humming, etc.)
果菜厨房 Drinks
81. water 82. milk 83. juice 84. Soda汽水 85. yogurt (drinking) 86. coffee 87. tea
Fruits/vegetables
88. apple 89. banana 91. plum-梅子/李子 92. Grapes 93. fig-无花果 90. orange 96. lemon 98. watermelon
99. tomato 100. Cucumber ['kju?k?mb?]黄瓜 102. onion 107. garlic-大蒜
103. carrot胡萝卜 106. potato土豆
104. eggplant-茄子 101. zucchini- [zu'kini]西葫芦
109. lettuce- ['let?s]生菜、莴苣 113. cabbage [?k?b?d?] 卷心菜 111. celery-西芹 112. mint-薄荷 95. Raisins ['rezn]葡萄干 97. pomegranate- ['pɑm?ɡr?n?t]石榴
Kitchen table stuff
52. cup 53. plate 54. bowl 55. knife 56. fork 57. spoon [spun]勺子 58. napkin / tissue餐巾 59. dish盘子 62. table 63. chair
Kitchen stuff
64. pan平底锅 65. oven- [??v?n]烤箱,烤炉 66. stove- [stov]烤炉 67. sink-水池,水槽 68. faucet- ['f?s?t]水龙头 69. Counter柜台 70. cupboard ['k?b?d]碗柜 71. refrigerator [r?'fr?d??re?t?]冰箱
Basic foods
72. flour- ['fla?r]面粉 73. sugar 74. bread 75. tea leaves 76. coffee咖啡 77. rice 78. nuts
79. Yogurt酸奶 80. candy, etc.