浅谈中小企业融资
摘要：随着我国市场经济的快速发展，中小企业已成为我国国民经济发展的强劲动力之一，在增加税收、促进技术创新、吸纳就业以及扩大出口等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。然而，在中小企业飞速发展过程中也暴露出一些深层次的矛盾和问题，最突出的表现在于融资渠道不畅、资金短缺，这已经成为制约我国中小企业进一步发展的瓶颈。在当今银根紧缩的条件下，如何正确认识中小企业发展中融资存在的问题，并针对这些问题提出解决的对策，对中小企业的发展，乃至整个国民经济的健康发展都有十分重要的意义。本文参照国外中小企业融资发展的具体情况，从政府、金融机构、中小企业所面临的现状和发展中存在的问题以及采取的相应政策等方面对我国中小企业融资做了一些简要分析。
关键词：中小企业； 融资渠道； 金融机构； 信用体系
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目 录
一、国外中小企业融资制度 ································································ 3
（一）美国中小企业融资制度 ······················································· 3
1．完善的立法保障体系 ························································ 3 2．畅通的融资渠道 ······························································ 4 3．建立中小企业资金援助制度 ··············································· 4 （二）日本中小企业融资制度 ······················································· 4
1．中小企业融资的立法保障体系 ············································ 5 2．完善的金融机构 ······························································ 5 3．积极的融资举措 ······························································ 6
二、我国中小企业融资制度 ································································ 6
（一）我国中小企业融资的现状 ···················································· 7 （二）造成我国中小企业融资现状的原因 ······································· 7
1．融资方式单一 ································································· 8 2．融资渠道缺乏 ································································· 8 3．融资制度不完善 ······························································ 8 4．中小企业信用体系不健全 ·················································· 9 5．中小企业自身局限性 ························································ 9 （三）改善我国中小企业融资现状的策略 ······································· 9
1．改善创业环境建立健全金融体系 ········································· 9 2．发展融资渠道 ······························································· 10 3．引导并推进信用体系建设 ················································ 10 4．改善中小企业经营管理水平 ············································· 11
结论 ··········································································································· 11 致谢 ·········································································································· 12
参考文献 ······················································································ 13
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近年来，随着经济全球化和现代科技的迅猛发展，中小企业已成为国民经济的重要支柱和社会经济中最活跃的因素。各国都在关注中小企业的发展问题，针对中小企业采取了许多政策，但是中小企业的大力发展仍面临诸多制约和阻碍因素。2011年国家确定实施宽松的财政政策和稳健的货币政策并举，央行六次提高银行准备金率，三次调高存贷款基准利率，融资成本提高，导致大面积的中小企业陷入融资难的困境。中小企业融资难成为我国大多数中小企业发展的一大障碍，这在一定程度上也阻碍了国民经济的发展。本文通过对美国、日本及我国中小企业融资体系制度现状的综合比较，为我国建立完善的中小企业融资体系提供参考。
一、 国外中小企业融资制度
在经济飞速发展的今天，中小企业在一个国家的国民经济生活中具有非常重要的地位和作用，许多国家都十分重视中小企业的发展。二战后，日本经济能够迅速发展和振兴，中小企业起到了关键的作用。而日本中小企业之所以能够繁荣发展并推动日本经济的复兴，这就离不开日本扶持中小企业发展的产业政策，其中很重要的一个方面就是因为日本的中小企业有着一个良好的融资环境。相比之下，我国中小企业的发展却普遍存在着融资困难这一障碍。美国和日本作为世界上经济最为发达的国家，拥有较为完善的中小企业融资体系。其中小企业金融体系与政府的金融政策对于我国建立中小企业融资体系有着极大的借鉴意义。
（一） 美国中小企业融资制度
目前，美国的中小企业数量占全美企业总数的99%，约2140多万家，就业人数占总就业人数的60%，其中新增就业机会大约有2/3是由中小企业创造的，中小企业的产值占国内生产总值的40%。一半以上的创新发明是由小企业实现的，其人均发明创造是大企业的两倍。美国政府通过对中小企业局制定宏观经济调控政策，引导商业银行和民间资本投向中小企业。由于其资本市场比较完善，金融制度安排市场化程度很高，金融工具种类繁多，因此美国在解决中小企业融资问题上，主要由政府引导民间资本投资中小企业，利用完善的法律制度和有效的资本市场配合政府为中小企业融资服务。 1.完善的立法保障体系。
美国政府为扶植中小企业的发展，对小企业融资政策从立法上加以规制。1953年
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