第一章 总体简介
重点、常考点解析
1．The Nature of FLTM（外语教学法的性质）（理解，记忆）
Foreign language teaching methodology(FLTM)is a science which studies the process and patterns of foreign Language teaching .Its aim is to reveal (show) the nature and laws of foreign language teaching .It involves (includes)a lot of disciplines such as linguistics psychology psych olinguistics and sociolinguistics .
Therefore,we say that FLTM is an inter-disciplinary science and it makes use of many subjects. 外语教学法是研究外语教学模式和外语教学过程，旨在提示外语教学法的性质与规律的一门科学。对外教学涉及到语言学，心理学，心理语言学，社会语言学等多种学科。因此，外语教学法是一门跨学科的科学，它适用了不同学科的理论。 （这个知识点会以填空题，简答题形式出现） 2．Traditional linguistics 传统语言学 （掌握） 在这个知识点中主要掌握如下几点
① Origin of traditional Linguistics（传统语言学的起源） （一般会出选择，填空题出现）
In the fifth century B C The ancient Greeks began to make a serious study of language in the realm of philosophy.
约在公元前5世纪，古希腊人就开始在哲学的领域对语言现象进行了探讨。 ② Contribution of Dianysius Thrax 特拉克斯的贡献 （一般以填空，选择题的形式出现）
In the first century B C there came out a book of Greek grammar written by Dianysius Thrax约在公元前一世纪便出现了一部由特拉克斯所写的希腊语语法。 ③Main features of traditional linguistics传统语言学的主要特点 （这个知识点经常以填空，选择的形式出现）
These practical purposes together with other factors such as the availability of written records made traditional linguists believe that the written form of language was wuperior to the spiken form which was regarded as the corrupted form of lang uage.
这些实用的目的再加上其他原因，例如文字记录很易得到，就使得传统语言学家认为，书面语优于口语，口语是语言的滥用。 3.American structuralism美国结构主义 1)产生的时间
American structuralism the beginning of the century and was very popular and influential in the 1930s and 1940s throughout the world.
美国结构主义语言学始于20世纪初，流行于20世纪30年代和40年代，在全世界都有
很大影响。
（此知识点会以填空题出现）
2）美国结构主义的创始人和代表人物及其贡献。
（此知识点通常以填空，选择形式出现，有时边会以连线题的形式出现） ① The two forerunners of it were Fran I Boas and Edward Sapir.
美国结构主义的先驱者是鲍阿斯和萨丕尔。
②Leonard Bloomfield a linguist in America is regarded as the father of American structuralism in1933 he published the book Language which is a comprehensive statement of his ideas and principles of the linguistic science soon after its publication the book become the bible of linguistics and remained unsurpassed as an introduction to linguistics after more that 3 decades
美国语言学家布鞋鲁姆菲尔德被认为是美国结构主义语言学之父。1933年他出版了专著《语言》，该书详细阐述了他的语言学观点原则。出版不久，该书便成书便成为语言学的经典著作，在随后的30多年时间里，这本书作为语言学导论一直未被超过。 4．Transformational generative linguistics转化生成语言学（重点） 1)contribution of Noam Chomsky乔姆期基的著作
The year 1957 saw the publication of Noam Chomsky’s book syntactic structure which started a revolution in the linguistic world and ushered in a new school-the transformational generative linguistics.
1957年乔姆斯基出版了他的专著《句法结构》这本书在语言学界掀起了一场革命，还产生了一个新的学派—转化生成语言学。 2）Language acquisition device语言习得机制
Chomsky assumes that children are born with a language acquisition device(L A D) This LA D is made up of a set of general principles called universal grammar.
乔姆斯基认为儿童的大脑里生来就有一个语言习得机制，这一机制是由一套通用语法规则组成，被称为通用语法。
3) Chomsky has also made the distinction between linguistic competence and linguistic performance linguistic competence refers to the internalized knowledge of language that a native speaker of that language possesses. Linguistic performance refers to the actual utterances produced by native speakers.
另外，乔姆斯基还将语言能力与语言表达能力区别开来，所谓语语能力指的是说母语的人所具有母语知识，语言表达能力是指母语使用者说出的具体话。
（以上三个知识点一般会以填空题，选择题形式出现，都属于理解记忆的东西，需要记住该理论的主要代表人物乔姆斯基及其专著。）
4）Chomsky holds the position that linguist should study the linguistic competence not the perfermance.
他认为语言学家应该研究的是说母语者的语言能力，而不是语言表达. 4.Functional linguistics 功能语言学（只需掌握三个代表性人物）
1) Contribution of Bronislaw Malinowski
The functional linguistics develops directly from the London school of linguistics and the precursor of it was the anthropologist Bronislow Malinowski.
功能语言学间由伦敦语言学直接发展而来，其先驱是人类学家马利诺夫斯基。 2) Contribution of J R Firth
Although the phrase context of situation was created and used by Malinowski it is J R Firth who had made it a key concept in the technique of the London school of Linguistics
虽然“语境”这一术语是由马利诺夫斯基创并使用，但却是弗尔斯使它成了伦敦学派的一个关键概念。
3）Contribution of M. A. K. Halliday
It is M. A .K .Halliday who has accomplished this task and made the London school of Linguistics one of the most competitive linguistic theories in the world (this task refers to combine the linguistic components with Malinowski’s sociolingwistic insights and to develop a model of ling wistic description accordingly.)
是语言学家韩礼德使伦敦语言学派成了当今世界上最具竞争力的语言理论之一，句中的This task指的是弗斯试图将近语言成份与马利诺夫斯基的社会场语言学家见解结合起来并据此建立一个语言描写的理论模式，但他没能将其理论详解。
4) As early as 1961 when he (Halliday)was discussing categories of a gram mati cal theory he made quite clear his point of view that linguistic events should be accounted for at three primary levels: substance form and context.
他（韩礼德）在1961年讨论语法理论的范畴问题时就明确指出，语言观象的解释要在实体，形式和语境这三个基本的层面上进行。 5．Theories of psychology心理学理论 （主要记住四个学派）（实记内容） 1)Gestalt psychology（格塔式心理学）
The 19205 was the emergence of a new psychological school called Gestalt psychology it was founded by a group of German psychologists such as Max Wertheimer kurt koffka and Kurt Lewin Most of their early research was focused on the area of perception, aiming at the exploration of the relationship between parts and whole in people’s perceptual experience From their experiments they found that people perceived objects and scenes as organized wholes before they noticed their component parts.
格式塔心理学产生于20世纪20年代，由德国心理学家韦特墨，考夫卡和文等人所创立，他们早期的研究主要集中在感知领域，致力于探索在人们的感知过程中部分与整体的关系，根据他们的实验，他们发现人们在感知物体或情景时总是先觉察其整体，然后才会意识到其组成部分。
2）Psychoanalysis精神分析
Psychoanalysis is a theory of the mind put forward by Sigmund Freud who was a physician
specializing in neurology
精神分析是由弗洛伊德创建的一种心理学理论。 3) Behaviourism
In 1913 the American psychologist John B Watson published an article entitled Psychology as the Behaviourist View it which was regarded as a formal introduction to behowiourism in the psychological world.
1913年美国心理学家华生发表了一篇题为《行为主义眼中的心理学》的文章，这篇文章被认为是将行为主义正式引入心理学领域。 6．Cognitive psychology 认知心理学 1)Definition of cognitive psychology
The term cognition means knowledge and cognitive psychology can be defined as the study of people’s adility to acquire organize remember and use knouledge to guide their behaviour 认知这一术的意思就是知识，而…认知心理学定义为研究人们获得，组织记忆和使用识识来指导行为的能力。
2）Factors of cognitive psychology development使认知心理学产生的因素。
1There are a number of factors that have made cognitive psychology the dominant approach in the ○
world The most important one is the development of the computer technology Another factor is the work of a swiss psychologist Jean piaget whose focus of research was on the veasoning abilities of children still another factor is the work of the American Linguist Noam Chomsky. 有几个方面的因素使认知心理学成为全世界的主导研究方式，最重要的一个因素是计算机技术的发展，瑞士心理学家皮亚杰的研究工作是促进认知心理学发展的另一个因素他的主要研究重点是儿童的思维能力，另一个因素是美国语言家乔姆斯基的著述。 7.Theories of second language acquisition第二语言习得理论。
1习惯一形成说(The habit –formation theory)○2语言共性说(The hypothesis 它包括以下六种：○
3文化认同说(The acculturation theory)○4话语交际说(The discourse of Linguistic universals)○
5自我监测说(The monitor theory )○6认知说(The cognitive theory) theory)○
（其中除了“自我监测说”需要重点掌握，其余五种只要求了解） 8.The monitor theory（自我监测说）
（重点，常考点，此知识点一般以填空，选择和简答题形式出题）
The monitor theory which is very popular among foreign language teachers is America was put for ward by Stephen krashen in the late 1970s The theory consists of the fallowing five hypotheses.
自我监测说是美国学者克拉森于20世纪70年代，后期提出的，该理论包括5种假设： 1）The acquisition –learning hypothesis 习得与习假设
Krashen claims that adult learners of a second language of a second language have two ways of developing their competence in a second.
Foreign language one is acquisition which refers to the subconscious process in which they
develop their language proficiency through natural communications in the target language and it is very similar to the process children use in acquiring their first language The other is learning which refers to the conscious process in which they acquire the explicit knowledge of the rules of the target language.
克拉森认为成年人要提高他们的第二语言能力有两种形式：一种是语言习得，这指的是一种无意识的过程，成年人通过用第二语言自然高流来提高自己外语能力，这与小孩的第一语言习得方式相似，另一种方式是语言学习，即通过有意识的学习过程获得第二语言的明确语法规则来获得语言能力。
2）The monitor hypothesis自我监测假说
According to krashen acquisition and learning have different functions in the communication activities Acquisition is responsible for the fluency of the utterances produced by speakers while learning is responsible for the accuracy of the speeches or passages.
克拉森认为，习得与学习在交际活动中所起的作用是有区别的，习得使说话人在交际过程中语言流利，而学习是要使语言和文章准确。 3)输入假设The input hypothesis
Krashen uses the input hypothesis to explain the relationship between language input and language acquisition and to answer the question of how people acquire languages They move from I their current level toi+1 the next levd along the natural order by understanding input containingi+1 That is to say language is acquired by peoples comprchension of input that is slightly beyond the current level.
克拉森用输入假变来解释语言输与语言习得之间的关系并回答人们是如何习得语言的这一问题，克拉森认为，人们习得语言的唯一方式就是通过理解语言信息成接受可理解的语言输入，他们从目前的水平开始，通过理解1+1这输入而达到下个水平，这就是说，人们通过理争那些稍微超出人们现有水平的语言输入来习得语言。 4)The affective filter hypothesis 感情屏障假设。
The affective filter hypothesis attempts to account for the vaviation in speed of language in second language acquisition shows that motivioutiors self – confidence and anxiety are the three affective factors which determine the degree of success in second language acquisition.
感情屏障假说是克拉森用来解释同一外语学习群体中产生个体学习进度差异的原因，第二语言习得研究表明，学习动机，自信心和顾虎是影响外语习得成功程度的三大主要因素。 5）The cognitive theory认知说
The cognitive theory of second language acquisition originated from cognitive psychology and was put forward by scholars like Barry Mclanghlin in the 1980s.
第二语言习得理论中的认知说是从认知心理学理论发展来的，是由麦克劳林等学者于20世纪80年代初期所提出的。
[2015自考复习]江西自考外语教学法课文翻译
