American Psychological Association (APA)
Example:
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Title Page #
References
Book Author, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book Title. (Vols. Volume#(s)). In First Initial.
Middle Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Published City, Published State: Publisher. Web Document Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). In Web Document Title.
(chap. Chapter/Section). Retrieved Month. Day, Year, from URL Address
In-text citations General Guidelines 1.
All in-text citations direct the reader to the appropriate source in the Reference List at the end of the text. 2.
Author last name and source publication year are typically included in an in-text citation. 3.
Location of cited information within its source is specified by noting the page (p.), paragraph (para.), chapter (chap.), figure (fig.), etc... number after the publication year in parentheses.
Author Cited Within Text Format: [Author Last Name] ([Year Published]) sentence.
Example: Dr. Milton (2004) theorizes that there is correlation between students’ expressions in a class and the grade that the students earn in that class.
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American Psychological Association (APA) Author Not Cited Within Text Format: Sentence ([Author Last Name], [Year Published]).
Example: There is a correlation between students’ expressions in a class and the grade that the students earn in that class (Milton, 2004).
Direct Quotation Format: Sentence ([Author Last Name], [Year Published], [Page Number(s)]).
Example: “There is a correlation between students’ expressions in a class and the grade that the students earn in that class” (Milton, 2004, p. 2).
Footnotes General Guidelines 1.
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Footnotes are used to provide information that is not essential to the thesis of the text.
2. 3.
Footnotes are used sparingly.
Statements, for which there is information in the footnotes, are superscripted with a sequential number that corresponds with the relevant footnote.
4. The footnotes page is placed at the end of the text preceding the Reference List page.
Page Setup 1.
The heading of the footnotes page (Footnotes) is centered without punctuation or text effects.
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American Psychological Association (APA) 2.
Footnotes are numbered with superscripts. One space exists between the superscript and the first word of a footnote. Example:
12
10
Birtha Fredericson ... Carlos Careezma ...
3.
Footnotes are double spaced.
Endnotes
In most styles, the only difference between footnotes and endnotes is their location within the text. Traditionally, endnotes are located on a separate page and footnotes are located at the bottom of the page on which their associated statements appear. APA style is an exception to these endnote/footnote distinctions. APA footnotes replace endnotes, but the footnotes appear in the traditional location of endnotes (on a separate page preceding the reference list).
Reference
Additional information may be found at the American Psychological Association website (http://www.apastyle.org/).
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Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
What is CMS?
The CMS writing style was first used in 1890 by students at the University of Chicago. The current CMS writing manual is the 15th edition. The 15th edition is said to be the biggest update in 20 years.
When is CMS used?
The CMS writing style is used in the humanities community with such topics as art, history, and literature. If the MLA style is not mandatory, CMS style is a great alternative.
How is CMS different?
CMS is known as one of the most simplistic and concise means of citation. Like MLA, CMS style focuses on citing information about the author, rather than the date, of a research source.
Bibliography General Guidelines 1. 2. 3. 4.
The title is centered an inch below the top of the page. Citations are arranged in alphabetical order.
Citations are double spaced between entries, but single spaced within the entry. The first line of each citation is aligned with the left margin and the subsequent lines are indented five spaces.
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Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
Example:
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Bibliography
Book Author Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Book Title. City Published: Publisher, Year
Published.
Website Author Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Site Title. Created Day Month Year.
In-text citations General Guidelines 1.
All in-text citations direct the reader to the appropriate source in the Endnotes at the end of the text. 2.
Endnotes are a list of the sources ordered and numbered according to the sequential number of the corresponding in-text citation. See the CMS Endnotes for additional information. 3.
The first in-text citation is superscripted with a 1, the second in-text citation is superscripted with a 2, and the numbering continues sequentially. Superscripts are placed after any punctuation except a dash. Format: SentenceN.
* N= the sequential number of the in-text citation.
Example: Fill a clear glass lamp with seashells, dried flowers, marbles, or other items to enhance the look of your home in a functional way.15
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Citation Guide- MLA, APA, CMS,& CSE Writing Styles - 图文
