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例如现在的远程教育、各种网校的发展都体现了教学形式个别化。
(3)培养目标个性化更加受到关注。新技术革命使得传统工业的标准化、规格化转向非标准化和多样化。这为根据人的自然本性发展人的个性的教育理想，提供了更充分的条件。例如现在的各种特色学校的出现和各种特长班的举办。
(4)强调对学生创新能力的培养。科学技术的迅速发展，使得知识的创造和传播成为社会发展的主要动力，使人类进入了知识经济的时代。它要求人们充分发挥自己的主动性和创造性，积极应对世界的变化，由此要求教育注重学生创新能力的培养。目前的“知识经济”的核心就是“创新经济”，依靠创新的知识密集型企业日益发达，美国微软公司就是一个明显的例证。由于科学技术的发展，使各种劳动都日益智力化，而且使劳动者常常面临新的科学技术或工艺问题，迫使人们去创造，所以学校都以培养出创新人才为使命。
2《纲要》：“改变课程评价过分强调甄别与选拔的功能。发挥评价促进学生发展、教师提高和改进教学实践的功能。”论述： (1)课程与教学评价有那些功能?
(2)结合实际．回答如何发挥课程与教学评价的发展性功能。
答：(1)教学评价是指依据一定的客观标准，对教学活动及其结果进行测量、分析和评定的过程。它以参与教学活动的教师、学生、教学目标、内容、方法、教学设备。场地和时间等因素的有机组合的过程和结果为评价对象，是对教学工作的整体功能所作的评价。
教学评价是教学工作不可缺少的一个基本环节，它们教学过程中发挥着多方面的功能，从整体上调节、控制着教学活动的进行，保证着教学活动向预定的目标前进并最终达到该目标。具体说来，教学评价的功能主要表现在以下几个方面：
(一)诊断教学问题 (二)提供反馈信息 (三)调控教学方向
(四)检验教学效果
(2)教学评价应着眼于学生的学习进步、动态发展，着眼于教师的教学改进和能力提高，以调动师生的积极性，提高教学质量。因此教学评价应是鼓励师生、促进教学的手段，要尊重学生的人格，而不是整人的工具。
结合实际展开论述
六：案例分析题：
答：(1)学生本质是具有能动性和自我教育可能性的受教育对象，而学校是针对这种本质属性给学生提供了一个自我教育机会，这种做法是教师对学生的一种信任，根本上是培养学生独立、自主的发展意识与能力，发展学生的自我教育能力。
(2)学生在教学中主体能动性的实现，既是教育的目的，也是教育成功的条件，要培养主动发展的人就必须充分调动个体的主动性，另一方面，个体身心发展并不是简单地由外在因素施加的结果，而是多种因素通过学生内在因素起作用的结果。
(3)学校教育按社会对个体的基本要求，对个体的发展方向与方面作出社会性规范，对学生个体发展不仅具有即时的价值，而且具有延时的价值，这对学生提高自我意识和自我教育能力更具有长远的意义。也符合当前社会对“诚信，，的呼唤。
(4)体现在德育上是道德教育内容的一部分，可以培养学生正确的世界观、人生观和自觉纪律教育，通过道德认识、道德情感、道德意志、道德行为最终使学生品德在知、情、意、行等方面的和谐发展。学生品德是在教育性活动和交往以及品德内部矛盾斗争和长期积累和发展中形成的。
(5)有独到见解者可酌情加分。
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绝密★启用前
2008年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考
A
外国语水平考试
英语试卷
Paper One
Part I Dialogue Communication (15 minutes, 15 points) Section A Dialogue Completion
Directions: In this section, you will read five short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
1. Speaker A: Here's a gift for you. I bought it in China. Speaker B: ____________
A. How much did it cost? B. Wow, it is great! Thank you. C. It must be very expensive. D. Sorry to have bothered you. 2. Speaker A: Can you tell me something about your company?
Speaker B: ______________ Our company was established in 1953. We produce a wide variety of electronic equipment.
A. I am glad. B. Good idea. C. You are welcome. D. My pleasure. 3. Speaker A: Aren't you excited about your new job? Speaker B: ____________ but it's too demanding.
A. It's OK. B. I am fine. C. Sure I am. D. I think so. 4. Speaker A: I've just been reading through your last project. Speaker B: _____________ I hope you didn't find much wrong in it. Speaker A: you’ve done a fantastic job.
A. On the contrary B. On the other hand C. Don't forget D. Don't be silly 5. Speaker A: Could you pass me the jobs page?
Speaker B: _________
A. What's the matter with you? B. Why should I?
C. You don't have to ask. D. Sure, here you are. Section B Dialogue Comprehension
Directions: In this section, you will read five short conversations between a man and a woman. At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to the question from the four choices given and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
6. Man: Jennifer is really pretty, isn't she? Her skin looks so baby smooth!
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Woman: Well, It's just that she puts lots of make-up on her face. Actually, natural beauty comes from within.
Man: Ah, I can smell jealousy in the air! Question: What does the man imply? A. The woman looks ugly.
B. The woman had a bitter feeling. C. The woman should apologize. D. The woman was upset.
7. Man: My father can do cooking, carpentry, and a bit of gardening. Woman: He's a Jack of all trades, really. Question: What does the woman mean? A. The man's father has talent in trade. B. The man's father works for Jack.
C. The man's father has many different skills. D. The man's father does many jobs at the same time.
8. Woman: I want to try something in the project. What's your opinion? Man: Great, I prefer to go by the book. At least it is safer, isn't it? Question: What does the man suggest? A. Strictly obeying the established rules. B. Trying something new from the book. C. Testing a new but safer method.
D. Learning a new method through practice.
9. Man: The competition is increasingly fierce. What shall we do next? Woman: If other companies lower their prices, we'll have to follow suit. Question: What does the woman suggest? A. Doing the same as other companies have done. B. Producing the same suits as other companies. C. Fighting against others by cutting down the cost. D. Working out other policies to compensate for the loss. 10. Woman: I'm upset. You told my boss I had a part-time job? Man: I am sorry. I couldn't help it. Question: What does the man mean? A. He couldn't help the woman at all. B. He couldn't hold back the secret. C. He couldn't possibly tell the boss.
D. He couldn't decide who told the boss.
Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes,10 points)
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
11. According to the Constitution, any national agreement has to be ____________ by a two-thirds majority in parliament.
A. approached B. appointed C. approved D. appreciated
12. The issue of e-commerce did not ____________ any detailed discussions at the conference. 北京市海淀区清华大学紫光大楼206室 客服热线：010-62781166
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A. take delight in B. give rise to C. give way to D. take advantage of 13. Can you ___________ an insect having eight eyes and still having poor eyesight? A. imagine B. suppose C. think D. expect
14. Fingerprints form an unchangeable despite changes in the individual's appearance or age. A. mark B. sign C. remark D. signature 15. I think their plan will work, but they themselves are very__________ about it. A. certain B. suspicious C. confident D. doubtful
16. His failure to pay his debts ___________ their opinion that he was not to be trusted. A. confirmed B. checked C. convinced D. tested
17. Our government strongly holds the principle we will __________ be the first to use nuclear weapons.
A. by any means B. by all means C. by no means D. by every means
18. The two soldiers spent many years together, fighting ___________ and sharing their victories and disappointments. A. face to face B. side by side C. back to back D. step by step
19. Being aware of the potential objections, they launched a ___________ reform at the beginning stage.
A. humble B. modest C. timid D. middle 20. The union threatened a strike but called it __________ at the last minute. A. off B. out C. back D. up 21. A new material ____________ we have good reason to be optimistic. A. developed B. being developed C. was being developed D. was developed
22. It is illegal in some countries that children __________ unattended at home. A. be left B. left C. are leaving D. being left
23. On the huge board in the main hall of the airport, you can easily find the different destinations ___________ which airlines can take you.
A. in B. of C. to D. by
24. Not until actually faced with water scarcity ____________ appreciate the value of water to a region. A. one can B. one cannot C. can one D. cannot one
25. Most people don't think of a stamp as a receipt, but that is ___________ really is a proof of just how much money you paid in advance for mail delivery.
A. what B. why C. how D. who
26. Without water from the Nile River, Egypt ____________ a farming country and become a desert.
A. will cease to be B. would cease to be C. will cease being D. would cease being
27. Although he refused to act on my suggestion, he had to admit that ____________ what I said. A. it was something in B. there was something as C. it was something as D. there was something in
28. There is little, _____________, farming in that area and all you can see is miles of wild
countryside. A. if so B. if such C. if not D. if any
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29. In his lecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays children are exposed to many influences ___________ that of their families.
A. rather than B. other than C. except for D. but for 30. The singer on the stage has a young _____________ face and a voice of an
A. boy... angel B. boy's... angel C. boy... angel's D. boy's... angel's Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points)
Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Passage One
When I saw the notice \film extras wanted\chance. Since childhood, I had dreamt of being a film star.
The casting interview went well, and two days later I was told that I had been chosen. I was to lose some of my enthusiasm for the idea, however. Extras are often left in the dark for some time as to which role they will play. Finally the nature of my role was revealed: I was asked to play a mental hospital patient.
Despite my disappointment, I agreed to participate. Then, barely a week later, the day of filming dawned. All 13 of us extras, mainly housewives, were driven to an old hospital. The coffee and tea they served us looked and tasted like cement. Then we were rushed off to make-up. My hair was pinned back and make-up was applied that give me a pale appearance. Then we just sat in a minibus for a few hours, as the cameras rolled elsewhere.
After the second hour had passed I was becoming bored. I bet stars are never treated like this, I thought. I had expected to be so busy that I hadn't come prepared for a long wait. Many of the others had brought a book or knitting.
Three hours had now passed. Then at last we were called to do our scenes. When the director came in, we were instructed where to stand and what to do. Along with a few others, I was told to sit at a table and weave baskets. This was not all easy task. The cane (藤条) we had to use was very long. On several occasions my basket fell apart in front of my very eye. On others I only succeeded in hitting a cameraman in the eye.
Life for the other extras was far from easy. Jean, who was barefoot, had to circle the floor. Poor Alice was asked to pretend to bang her head against the wall. Meanwhile Veronica swept the floor.
Thankfully, after just a few attempts, the scenes were done. And so my first taste of this \will almost certainly be my last.
31. The word \ used in this story means people who _____________.
A. have little experience of acting B. play unimportant parts in a film C. pretend to be film stars D. need a part-time job
32. According to story, which of the following statements is true about the author? A. She didn't refuse the role assigned to her although she didn't like it. B. She understood clearly that most film stars used to be extras.
C. Unlike other women who were reading or knitting, she was busy with her scene. D. The only thing she did well was to use the cane as weapon.
33. Alice, one of the 13 women extras, was probably playing the role of ____________. 北京市海淀区清华大学紫光大楼206室 客服热线：010-62781166
2008-2010在职教育硕士历年考试真题(Ed.M)
